Most of the current world research efforts for the development of power production through the process of nuclear fusion are currently invested in the realization of ITER, a magnetic confinement machine (tokamak) that aims at demonstrating the feasibility of power production with a gain factor of 10. This operation relies critically on plasma external heating systems, among which the Neutral Beam Injector (NBI) is one of the most important. The acceleration of negative ion beams up to the required energies is hindered by the issues related to high voltage holding in vacuum, as the occurrence of electrical micro-discharges and breakdown phenomena. In support of the operation of the main prototype for the development of the NBI (MITICA), the High Voltage Padova Test Facility (HVPTF) has been operating with a focus on the analysis and characterisation of the discharge phenomena in conditioning experiments in vacuum. In this context, analysis of X-ray emission has proven to be a good tool for the investigation of the processes involved. This work presents the development of different micro-pattern gaseous detectors, based on the Gaseous Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology, for the measurement of X-rays fluxes resolved in time, space and energy. The detectors were installed at HVPTF and integrated in its set of diagnostics. Data collected during multiple experimental campaigns are studied and new insights based on the analyses are proposed, to offer some justifications of the observed phenomenology. Additionally, the design and implementation of a synchronization system are presented, to enable consistent timing across instruments and supporting more robust studies in the future. The experimental activities are complemented by the development of a modular simulation framework, in which distinct processes are modelled with different software and combined to interpret the observations made on micro-discharges. The approach focuses on the interchange of particles between electrodes and on secondary processes at surfaces, aiming at an explanation of the experimental data. Preliminary results of the model are presented, together with a discussion on potential future improvements of the framework, which stands as a good first basis for interpreting past measurements and planning future targeted tests. The results of this work contribute to the study of the discharge phenomena in the experiments of HVPTF, support the operations of MITICA and, ultimately, the development of the NBI system for ITER.
La gran parte degli sforzi odierni per lo sviluppo della produzione di energia tramite fusione nucleare è concentrata sullo sviluppo del tokamak ITER, una macchina a confinamento magnetico in stato di costruzione. ITER mira a dimostrare la fattibilità della produzione di energia con un fattore di guadagno pari a 10 e il suo funzionamento dipende in modo cruciale dai sistemi esterni di riscaldamento del plasma, tra cui l'Iniettore di Fasci Neutri (NBI). L'accelerazione di fasci di ioni negativi fino alle energie necessarie è limitata, tra le altre cose, dai problemi di tenuta di alta tensione in vuoto, dove micro-scariche e breakdown possono compromettere prestazioni e funzionamento. A supporto dello sviluppo del prototipo del NBI (MITICA), la High Voltage Padova Test Facility (HVPTF) opera con l'obiettivo di studiare e caratterizzare i fenomeni di scarica durante il condizionamento in vuoto. In questo contesto, lo studio dell'emissione di raggi X si è rivelato un buono strumento per la comprensione dei processi in atto. Questo lavoro descrive lo sviluppo di diversi rivelatori gassosi basati sulla tecnologia Gaseous Electron Multiplier (GEM), per la misura di flussi di raggi X con risoluzione temporale, spaziale ed energetica. I rivelatori sono stati installati presso HVPTF e integrati nel sistema diagnostico dell'esperimento. I dati acquisiti durante varie campagne sperimentali sono stati analizzati per estrarre informazioni sulla fenomenologia osservata e proporre interpretazioni coerenti con le misure. La tesi presenta inoltre lo sviluppo di un sistema di sincronizzazione dei segnali che garantisce allineamento temporale tra misure di diverse diagnostiche, permettendo correlazioni più robuste nelle analisi future. Le attività sperimentali sono complementate dallo sviluppo di un framework di simulazione modulare, in cui processi distinti sono modellati con strumenti dedicati e poi combinati per interpretare le osservazioni sperimentali delle micro-scariche. L'approccio è basato sullo scambio di particelle tra gli elettrodi e sui processi secondari alle superfici, con l'obiettivo di riprodurre le osservazioni dei dati sperimentali. Risultati preliminari e possibili miglioramenti da implementare vengono entrambi discussi, definendo il framework come una base consistente per l'interpretazione delle misure pregresse e per la pianificazione di nuovi esperimenti. I risultati di questo lavoro contribuiscono allo studio dei fenomeni di scarica presso HVPTF, supportano le operazioni di MITICA e, in ultimo, lo sviluppo dei sistemi NBI per ITER.
Caruggi, F (2026). Development of X-ray diagnostics and studies on vacuum discharges at the High Voltage Padova Test Facility. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
Development of X-ray diagnostics and studies on vacuum discharges at the High Voltage Padova Test Facility
CARUGGI, FEDERICO
2026
Abstract
Most of the current world research efforts for the development of power production through the process of nuclear fusion are currently invested in the realization of ITER, a magnetic confinement machine (tokamak) that aims at demonstrating the feasibility of power production with a gain factor of 10. This operation relies critically on plasma external heating systems, among which the Neutral Beam Injector (NBI) is one of the most important. The acceleration of negative ion beams up to the required energies is hindered by the issues related to high voltage holding in vacuum, as the occurrence of electrical micro-discharges and breakdown phenomena. In support of the operation of the main prototype for the development of the NBI (MITICA), the High Voltage Padova Test Facility (HVPTF) has been operating with a focus on the analysis and characterisation of the discharge phenomena in conditioning experiments in vacuum. In this context, analysis of X-ray emission has proven to be a good tool for the investigation of the processes involved. This work presents the development of different micro-pattern gaseous detectors, based on the Gaseous Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology, for the measurement of X-rays fluxes resolved in time, space and energy. The detectors were installed at HVPTF and integrated in its set of diagnostics. Data collected during multiple experimental campaigns are studied and new insights based on the analyses are proposed, to offer some justifications of the observed phenomenology. Additionally, the design and implementation of a synchronization system are presented, to enable consistent timing across instruments and supporting more robust studies in the future. The experimental activities are complemented by the development of a modular simulation framework, in which distinct processes are modelled with different software and combined to interpret the observations made on micro-discharges. The approach focuses on the interchange of particles between electrodes and on secondary processes at surfaces, aiming at an explanation of the experimental data. Preliminary results of the model are presented, together with a discussion on potential future improvements of the framework, which stands as a good first basis for interpreting past measurements and planning future targeted tests. The results of this work contribute to the study of the discharge phenomena in the experiments of HVPTF, support the operations of MITICA and, ultimately, the development of the NBI system for ITER.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
phd_unimib_896465.pdf
accesso aperto
Descrizione: Tesi di Caruggi Federico - 896465
Tipologia di allegato:
Doctoral thesis
Dimensione
57.9 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
57.9 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


