Advances in ultrafast pulsed--laser technology have made it possible to follow physical and chemical processes on their natural femtosecond timescales. To combine this temporal resolution with the atomic spatial resolution of electron microscopy, pulsed-laser illumination has been integrated into electron microscopes, giving rise to ultrafast transmission electron microscopy (UTEM). This work takes a further step inspired by optics: it introduces programmable control of the electron beam by shaping it with light inside the UTEM itself. While previous approaches achieved optical modulation only at the sample plane, this thesis demonstrates for the first time programmable, light-driven modulation of the electron wavefunction before the specimen, implemented through a Photonic-based free-ELectron Modulator (PELM) integrated into the TEM column at the University of Milano-Bicocca. The PELM is a modified TEM column section that serves as the physical platform enabling the interaction between photoemitted electrons and a pre-shaped infrared laser field, and is designed for optical access and coherence control. The electron--light interaction is mediated by inverse transition radiation at a thin metallic film, which transfers to the electrons the transverse intensity pattern that a spatial light modulator previously imparts to the laser field. Spatiotemporal overlap between the laser and electron beams was verified through plasma--lensing measurements and momentum-streaking of the electron distribution induced by the optical field. Using this platform, we realized programmable, light-driven shaping of the transverse electron beam and demonstrated that the imposed modulation is preserved and can be demagnified onto the sample plane. The same setup enabled electron single-pixel imaging, in which nanostructured membranes were reconstructed from a sequence of programmed illumination patterns, extending optical imaging concepts into the nanometric regime of electron microscopy. Further experiments were carried out at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne to explore beam shaping and ultrafast measurements on complex materials. Although an alternative version of the PELM based on a two-grid sample holder is still being commissioned, transverse beam shaping at the sample plane was reproduced using a standard holder and a thin silver film. This configuration allowed us to estimate the transverse coherence length of the electron beam under realistic UTEM conditions. We then investigated two representative materials—iAlPdMn quasicrystals and 30$^\circ$-twisted bilayer graphene—to assess the practical limits of ultrafast electron diffraction and spectroscopy. In iAlPdMn, high-quality diffraction patterns were obtained and preliminary time-resolved electron diffraction was performed, although external issues-such as cumulative heating and sample fragility-need to be considered for a conclusive analysis. In 30$^\circ$-TBLG, momentum-selected electron energy-loss spectroscopy revealed anisotropies across Bragg conditions, and preliminary pump–probe data showed a transient suppression and recovery of the $\pi$ plasmon, consistent with phonon-mediated relaxation on two distinct timescales. Together, these results establish the feasibility of programmable, light-driven shaping of free-electron beams within an ultrafast transmission electron microscope for investigation of complex materials. Our findings outline both the novel possibilities as well as the current limitations of the method within the UTEM technique, defining the experimental conditions and technological requirements for improved efficiency, sensitivity, and temporal stability. By bridging instrumentation and application, this work outlines a pathway toward programmable ultrafast electron microscopy, where structured electron probes enable highly selective and energy/momentum-resolved investigations of complex and quantum materials.

I progressi nella tecnologia laser a impulsi ultraveloci hanno reso possibile seguire processi fisici e chimici sulle loro scale temporali naturali, dell’ordine dei femtosecondi. Per combinare questa risoluzione temporale con quella spaziale atomica della microscopia elettronica, l’illuminazione laser a impulsi è stata integrata nei microscopi elettronici, dando origine alla microscopia elettronica a trasmissione ultraveloce (UTEM). Questo lavoro compie un ulteriore passo ispirandosi all’ottica: introduce il controllo programmabile del fascio di elettroni mediante modellazione con la luce all’interno dello stesso UTEM. Mentre gli approcci precedenti ottenevano la modulazione ottica solo sul piano del campione, questa tesi dimostra per la prima volta una modulazione programmabile e guidata dalla luce della funzione d’onda elettronica prima del campione, realizzata tramite un modulatore di elettroni liberi fotonico (PELM) integrato nella colonna TEM dell’Università di Milano-Bicocca. Il PELM è una sezione modificata della colonna che permette l’interazione tra elettroni fotoemessi e un campo laser a infrarossi preformato, progettata per l’accesso ottico e il controllo della coerenza. L’interazione elettrone-luce, mediata dalla radiazione di transizione inversa su una sottile pellicola metallica, trasferisce agli elettroni il profilo di intensità trasversale impartito al laser da un modulatore spaziale di luce. La sovrapposizione spazio-temporale tra i fasci è stata verificata mediante misure di lente al plasma e striature di momento indotte dal campo ottico. Con questa piattaforma abbiamo ottenuto la modellazione programmabile e guidata dalla luce del fascio elettronico trasversale, dimostrando che la modulazione viene preservata e può essere demagnificata sul piano del campione. La stessa configurazione ha permesso l’imaging elettronico a singolo pixel, in cui membrane nanostrutturate sono state ricostruite da sequenze di modelli di illuminazione programmati, estendendo i concetti dell’imaging ottico al regime nanometrico. Ulteriori esperimenti sono stati condotti all’École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne per esplorare la modellazione del fascio e le misure ultraveloci su materiali complessi. Sebbene una versione alternativa del PELM basata su un portacampioni a doppia griglia sia ancora in sviluppo, la modellazione trasversale sul piano del campione è stata riprodotta con un supporto standard e una sottile pellicola d’argento, consentendo di stimare la lunghezza di coerenza trasversale del fascio in condizioni UTEM realistiche. Sono stati quindi studiati i quasi-cristalli iAlPdMn e il grafene bilayer con torsione di 30°, per valutarne i limiti pratici di diffrazione e spettroscopia elettronica ultraveloce. Nel primo caso sono stati ottenuti pattern di diffrazione di alta qualità e realizzate misure pump–probe preliminari, mentre nel secondo la spettroscopia di perdita di energia ha rivelato anisotropie nelle condizioni di Bragg e una dinamica del plasmon π con rilassamento su due scale temporali distinte. Nel complesso, i risultati dimostrano la fattibilità della modellazione programmabile e guidata dalla luce di fasci di elettroni liberi in un UTEM per lo studio di materiali complessi, delineando le prospettive e i limiti attuali della tecnica e tracciando il percorso verso una microscopia elettronica ultraveloce programmabile

Ferrari, B (2026). Light-driven shaping of Free-electrons for Ultrafast Investigation of Quantum Materials. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

Light-driven shaping of Free-electrons for Ultrafast Investigation of Quantum Materials

FERRARI, BEATRICE MATILDE
2026

Abstract

Advances in ultrafast pulsed--laser technology have made it possible to follow physical and chemical processes on their natural femtosecond timescales. To combine this temporal resolution with the atomic spatial resolution of electron microscopy, pulsed-laser illumination has been integrated into electron microscopes, giving rise to ultrafast transmission electron microscopy (UTEM). This work takes a further step inspired by optics: it introduces programmable control of the electron beam by shaping it with light inside the UTEM itself. While previous approaches achieved optical modulation only at the sample plane, this thesis demonstrates for the first time programmable, light-driven modulation of the electron wavefunction before the specimen, implemented through a Photonic-based free-ELectron Modulator (PELM) integrated into the TEM column at the University of Milano-Bicocca. The PELM is a modified TEM column section that serves as the physical platform enabling the interaction between photoemitted electrons and a pre-shaped infrared laser field, and is designed for optical access and coherence control. The electron--light interaction is mediated by inverse transition radiation at a thin metallic film, which transfers to the electrons the transverse intensity pattern that a spatial light modulator previously imparts to the laser field. Spatiotemporal overlap between the laser and electron beams was verified through plasma--lensing measurements and momentum-streaking of the electron distribution induced by the optical field. Using this platform, we realized programmable, light-driven shaping of the transverse electron beam and demonstrated that the imposed modulation is preserved and can be demagnified onto the sample plane. The same setup enabled electron single-pixel imaging, in which nanostructured membranes were reconstructed from a sequence of programmed illumination patterns, extending optical imaging concepts into the nanometric regime of electron microscopy. Further experiments were carried out at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne to explore beam shaping and ultrafast measurements on complex materials. Although an alternative version of the PELM based on a two-grid sample holder is still being commissioned, transverse beam shaping at the sample plane was reproduced using a standard holder and a thin silver film. This configuration allowed us to estimate the transverse coherence length of the electron beam under realistic UTEM conditions. We then investigated two representative materials—iAlPdMn quasicrystals and 30$^\circ$-twisted bilayer graphene—to assess the practical limits of ultrafast electron diffraction and spectroscopy. In iAlPdMn, high-quality diffraction patterns were obtained and preliminary time-resolved electron diffraction was performed, although external issues-such as cumulative heating and sample fragility-need to be considered for a conclusive analysis. In 30$^\circ$-TBLG, momentum-selected electron energy-loss spectroscopy revealed anisotropies across Bragg conditions, and preliminary pump–probe data showed a transient suppression and recovery of the $\pi$ plasmon, consistent with phonon-mediated relaxation on two distinct timescales. Together, these results establish the feasibility of programmable, light-driven shaping of free-electron beams within an ultrafast transmission electron microscope for investigation of complex materials. Our findings outline both the novel possibilities as well as the current limitations of the method within the UTEM technique, defining the experimental conditions and technological requirements for improved efficiency, sensitivity, and temporal stability. By bridging instrumentation and application, this work outlines a pathway toward programmable ultrafast electron microscopy, where structured electron probes enable highly selective and energy/momentum-resolved investigations of complex and quantum materials.
VANACORE, GIOVANNI MARIA
UTEM; electron; photon; PELM; shaping
UTEM; electron; photon; PELM; shaping
Italian
4-mar-2026
38
2024/2025
open
Ferrari, B (2026). Light-driven shaping of Free-electrons for Ultrafast Investigation of Quantum Materials. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/610588
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