The evaluation of mental health services calls for methodological frameworks capable of reflecting the complex nature of interventions and of incorporating the perspective of those receiving care. This thesis traces the co-construction and subsequent administration of a research protocol designed to explore, from the users' standpoint, the therapeutic factors characteristic of residential treatment in Therapeutic Communities (TCs), with the aim of producing evidence relevant to governance and quality improvement in mental health services. The work unfolds in two phases: a co-design phase, in which the protocol and instruments were developed together with users and professionals, followed by a multicentre cross-sectional observational study conducted across a heterogeneous sample of Italian TCs. In Phase 1 (27 participants, 1 TCs), five structured workshops served to clarify the relevance of the research question, examine the acceptability of the instruments, and refine their wording and format. Participants called for brief and clear instruments and for a balance between standardised measures and space for narrative; at the end of the experience, they reported experiential benefits tied to the recognition of their role and worth. In Phase 2 (205 participants, 15 TCs), data were collected through a mixed-methods design defined on the basis of the Phase 1 findings. The integration of quantitative and qualitative instruments made it possible to investigate both the intensity and distribution of therapeutic factors and the subjective meanings that underpin them, linking the data to the phenomenological dimension of experience while leaving room for elements not previously considered in the literature. The co-design phase demonstrated the feasibility of a participatory design with a population often excluded on grounds of clinical complexity. Users shaped the choice of data-collection instruments, setting criteria for their tolerability and making them more attuned to the experience under investigation. Their involvement was met with high acceptability among users and services alike. The multicentre study identified relational experience, particularly with staff, as therapeutically central. Alongside this core, well established in the literature, the users' perspective brought to light less expected elements: pleasure and well-being recognised as therapeutic in their own right, the centrality of intimate, dyadic experiences within an inherently collective setting, and the constitutive ambivalence of setting and relationship. These findings held across clinically heterogeneous communities. The integration of qualitative and quantitative methods proved necessary rather than redundant: the quantitative data recovered devices that the narratives left unnamed, while the qualitative data restored dimensions that the more comparative quantitative assessment tended to compress. With regard to service governance, the findings suggest the stable incorporation of the users' perspective into evaluations as a source of knowledge about how care works. Looking ahead, analyses by sub-groups and in association with organisational indicators will help inform more personalised interventions and strategies for continuous improvement in residential care services.

La valutazione dei servizi di salute mentale richiede cornici metodologiche capaci di riflettere la natura complessa degli interventi e di integrare la prospettiva delle persone in cura. Questa tesi segue il percorso di co-costruzione e poi di somministrazione di un protocollo di ricerca finalizzato a esplorare, dal punto di vista degli utenti, i fattori terapeutici caratteristici del trattamento residenziale in Comunità Terapeutica (CT) così da produrre evidenze utili alla governance e al miglioramento della qualità nei servizi di salute mentale. Il lavoro si articola in due fasi: una fase di co-design del protocollo e degli strumenti con utenti e professionisti, seguita da uno studio trasversale osservazionale multicentrico condotto presso un campione eterogeneo di CT italiane. Nella Fase 1 (27 partecipanti, 1 CT), cinque laboratori strutturati hanno consentito di chiarire la rilevanza della domanda di ricerca, indagare l’accettabilità degli strumenti e rifinire lessico e formato. I partecipanti hanno richiesto strumenti brevi e chiari, un equilibrio fra misure standardizzate e spazi di narrazione e al termine dell’esperienza hanno riportato benefici esperienziali legati al riconoscimento del loro ruolo e valore. Nella Fase 2 (205 partecipanti, 15 CT) è avvenuta la raccolta dei dati sulla base di un disegno misto di ricerca definito sulla base degli esiti della fase 1. L’integrazione di strumenti quantitativi qualitativi ha permesso di indagare sia intensità e distribuzione dei fattori terapeutici sia i significati soggettivi che li sostanziano, legando i dati alla dimensione fenomenologica dell’esperienza e lasciando la possibilità che emergessero elementi non considerati in letteratura. Il co-design ha documentato la fattibilità di un disegno partecipativo con una popolazione spesso esclusa per complessità clinica. Gli utenti hanno inciso sulla scelta degli strumenti di raccolta dati, definendone criteri di tollerabilità e rendendoli più aderenti all'esperienza da rilevare. Il coinvolgimento è stato accolto con elevata accettabilità da utenti e servizi. Lo studio multicentrico ha individuato l’esperienza relazionale, soprattutto con gli operatori, come terapeuticamente centrale. Accanto a questo nucleo, noto in letteratura, la prospettiva degli utenti ha fatto emergere elementi meno consueti: il piacere e il benessere riconosciuti come terapeutici in sé, la centralità di esperienze diadiche e intime in un ambiente per definizione collettivo, l'ambivalenza costitutiva di setting e relazione. I risultati sono trasversali a comunità clinicamente eterogenee L'integrazione di metodo qualitativo e quantitativo si è rivelata necessaria e non ridondante: il dato quantitativo ha recuperato dispositivi che le narrazioni non nominavano, mentre il qualitativo ha restituito dimensioni che la valutazione quantitativa, più comparativa, tendeva a comprimere. Sul piano della governance dei servizi, i risultati suggeriscono di integrare stabilmente la prospettiva degli utenti nella valutazione come fonte di conoscenza sul funzionamento della cura. In prospettiva, le analisi per sottogruppi e in associazione con indicatori organizzativi potranno informare interventi più personalizzati e strategie di miglioramento continuo nei servizi residenziali.

Piraino, M (2026). Il punto di vista degli utenti nella valutazione degli interventi complessi in salute mentale. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

Il punto di vista degli utenti nella valutazione degli interventi complessi in salute mentale

PIRAINO, MARIA ALEXANDRA
2026

Abstract

The evaluation of mental health services calls for methodological frameworks capable of reflecting the complex nature of interventions and of incorporating the perspective of those receiving care. This thesis traces the co-construction and subsequent administration of a research protocol designed to explore, from the users' standpoint, the therapeutic factors characteristic of residential treatment in Therapeutic Communities (TCs), with the aim of producing evidence relevant to governance and quality improvement in mental health services. The work unfolds in two phases: a co-design phase, in which the protocol and instruments were developed together with users and professionals, followed by a multicentre cross-sectional observational study conducted across a heterogeneous sample of Italian TCs. In Phase 1 (27 participants, 1 TCs), five structured workshops served to clarify the relevance of the research question, examine the acceptability of the instruments, and refine their wording and format. Participants called for brief and clear instruments and for a balance between standardised measures and space for narrative; at the end of the experience, they reported experiential benefits tied to the recognition of their role and worth. In Phase 2 (205 participants, 15 TCs), data were collected through a mixed-methods design defined on the basis of the Phase 1 findings. The integration of quantitative and qualitative instruments made it possible to investigate both the intensity and distribution of therapeutic factors and the subjective meanings that underpin them, linking the data to the phenomenological dimension of experience while leaving room for elements not previously considered in the literature. The co-design phase demonstrated the feasibility of a participatory design with a population often excluded on grounds of clinical complexity. Users shaped the choice of data-collection instruments, setting criteria for their tolerability and making them more attuned to the experience under investigation. Their involvement was met with high acceptability among users and services alike. The multicentre study identified relational experience, particularly with staff, as therapeutically central. Alongside this core, well established in the literature, the users' perspective brought to light less expected elements: pleasure and well-being recognised as therapeutic in their own right, the centrality of intimate, dyadic experiences within an inherently collective setting, and the constitutive ambivalence of setting and relationship. These findings held across clinically heterogeneous communities. The integration of qualitative and quantitative methods proved necessary rather than redundant: the quantitative data recovered devices that the narratives left unnamed, while the qualitative data restored dimensions that the more comparative quantitative assessment tended to compress. With regard to service governance, the findings suggest the stable incorporation of the users' perspective into evaluations as a source of knowledge about how care works. Looking ahead, analyses by sub-groups and in association with organisational indicators will help inform more personalised interventions and strategies for continuous improvement in residential care services.
MANTOVANI, LORENZO GIOVANNI
Sanità Pubblica; PPI; Salute Mentale; Co-Design; Fattori terapeutici
Public Health; PPI; Mental health; Co-Design; Therapeutic factors
Italian
17-set-2026
37
2023/2024
open
Piraino, M (2026). Il punto di vista degli utenti nella valutazione degli interventi complessi in salute mentale. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/626809
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