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Background: While TB-related mortality in the US declined four-fold from 1990 to 2019, country-level estimates of TB burden obscure within-state racial heterogeneity and changes in TB burden over time. In sixteen US Southern States and Washington DC, the effects of health inequities engendered by Jim-Crow laws enacted from the late 1800s to the 1960s have not been evaluated for TB-related mortality. We, therefore, sought to compare TB mortality rates and annualized rate of change (AROC) between 1990 and 2019 in former Jim-Crow vs. non-Jim-Crow states to help guide response efforts and inform resource prioritization to improve racial equity. Methods: We evaluated whether TB-related mortality varied over time, from 1990 to 2019, between states that have a history of enacting Jim-Crow laws vs. states with no such history using estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019). TB mortality per 100,000 population and bootstrap 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were modeled using the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) framework with varying combinations of predictive covariates. For changes over time, we present age-standardized AROC as the percent difference in the natural logarithm of the rate in 1990 and 2019 divided by 30 (i.e., 100*[ln(2019 Rate/1990 Rate)/(30)) and the corresponding 95% UIs. Results: TB-related mortality in all US states declined between 1990 and 2019. From 1990 to 2019, most former Jim-Crow states had higher mortality rates than states that did not enact Jim-Crow laws. The most significant decline in TB mortality was in Washington DC, with a six-fold decline from 2.69 (2.46–2.96) per 100,000 population in 1990 to 0.45(0.37–0.55) in 2019, corresponding to an AROC of -0.83% (-0.86;-0.79). The lowest decline was in Iowa, from 0.30 (0.27–0.33) to 0.09 (0.07–0.11) (AROC: -0.70% (-0.76; -0.63)). Eleven of the 16 states and Washington DC in the third tertile of TB mortality rate in 1990 (range 0.81–2.69) had a history of Jim-Crow laws, whereas none of the 17 states in the first tertile (range 0.30–0.51) had such history. Conversely, mortality decreased relatively slowly in former Jim-Crow states than in non-Jim-Crow states. Conclusions: Even though the 1964 Civil Rights Act dismantled Jim-Crow statutes, racial inequities in TB burden experienced by past generations may still be felt in subsequent generations. Understanding the role of structural racism at the intersection of science and medicine shows the complex ways historical laws, such as Jim-Crow laws, continue to negatively impact health outcomes and warn of future dangers, such as COVID-19, to avoid.
Gona, P., Estrada-Martinez, L., Zhang, L., Gona, C., Mody, A., Rao, S., et al. (2024). Racial disparity in mortality from tuberculosis in the US between states with and without a history of Jim-Crow laws: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) and risk factors study, 1990 to 2019. BMC PUBLIC HEALTH, 24(1) [10.1186/s12889-024-20522-9].
Racial disparity in mortality from tuberculosis in the US between states with and without a history of Jim-Crow laws: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) and risk factors study, 1990 to 2019
Gona P. N.;Estrada-Martinez L. M.;Zhang L.;Gona C. M.;Mody A.;Rao S. R.;Cooper J.;Mack-Shelton K.;Chen P.;Leveille S. G.;Mokdad A. H.;Leveille S.;Abady G. G.;Abate Y. H.;Abbasi-Kangevari M.;Abbastabar H.;Abdoun M.;Aboagye R. G.;Abolhassani H.;Abu-Gharbieh E.;Addo I. Y.;Adeagbo O. A.;Adegboye O. A.;Adekanmbi V.;Adnani Q. E. S.;Afzal M. S.;Afzal S.;Ahinkorah B. O.;Ahmad A.;Ahmad R.;Ahmad S.;Ahmed A.;Ahmed A.;Ahmed H.;Ahmed M. S.;Ajumobi O.;Akalu G. T.;Akunna C. J.;Al Hamad H.;Al Thaher Y.;Alanezi F. M.;Alanzi T. M.;Algammal A. M.;Ali L.;Ali S. S.;Samakkhah S. A.;Alimi R.;Alimohamadi Y.;Aljunid S. M.;Almustanyir S.;Altirkawi K. A.;Alvis-Guzman N.;Alvis-Zakzuk N. J.;Aly H.;Ameyaw E. K.;Amin T. T.;Amiri S.;Anagaw T. F.;Andarge B. D.;Anwer R.;Anyasodor A. E.;Aqeel M.;Arabloo J.;Arab-Zozani M.;Arshad M.;Artamonov A. A.;Aruleba R. T.;Aryal U. R.;Asemu M. T.;Asgary S.;Ashraf T.;Athari S. S.;Atout M. M. W.;Atre S. R.;Atreya A.;Aujayeb A.;Quintanilla B. P. A.;Ayen S. S.;Azadnajafabad S.;Azizi H.;Darshan B. B.;Badar M.;Badiye A. D.;Baghcheghi N.;Baig A. A.;Bakkannavar S. M.;Banerjee I.;Bardhan M.;Barker-Collo S. L.;Barqawi H. J.;Barrow A.;Bashiri A.;Basu S.;Basu S.;Belete M. A.;Bennett D. A.;Beyene K. A.;Bhardwaj N.;Bhardwaj P.;Bhat A. N.;Bitaraf S.;Hashemi M. B.;Bouaoud S.;Buonsenso D.;Butt Z. A.;Cardenas R.;Carvalho A. F.;Cerin E.;Charan J.;Chattu V. K.;Chaurasia A.;Chien W. T.;Ching P. R.;Chitheer A.;Cho D. Y.;Chopra H.;Choudhari S. G.;Chowdhury M. A. K.;Chukwu I. S.;Cruz-Martins N.;Dabo B.;Dadras O.;Dai X.;Davila-Cervantes C. A.;Demetriades A. K.;Demissie S.;Deng X.;Dharmaratne S. D.;Do H. T.;Do T. C.;Dongarwar D.;Dsouza H. L.;Durojaiye O. C.;Eini E.;Ekholuenetale M.;Ekundayo T. C.;Zaki M. E. S.;Elgendy I. Y.;Elhabashy H. R.;Elhadi M.;Endeshaw D.;Bain L. E.;Eskandarieh S.;Etaee F.;Fagbamigbe A. F.;Faro A.;Fasanmi A. O.;Fatehizadeh A.;Fauk N. K.;Ferrara P.;Fetensa G.;Fischer F.;Foroutan B.;Fukumoto T.;Gaidhane A. M.;Galali Y.;Gebrehiwot M.;Gebremeskel T. G.;Genanew B.;Ghaderi A.;Ghaffari K.;Nour M. G.;Gholamrezanezhad A.;Ghozali G.;Ghozy S.;Gill T. K.;Ginindza T. G.;Gohari K.;Goldust M.;Golechha M.;Goleij P.;Golinelli D.;Goulart A. C.;Grivna M.;Guadie H. A.;Gudayu T. W.;Gunawardane D. A.;Gupta B.;Gupta S.;Haj-Mirzaian A.;Halwani R.;Hamidi S.;Hamiduzzaman M.;Hanif A.;Haque S.;Harapan H.;Hargono A.;Hasaballah A. I.;Hasani H.;Hashi A.;Hassanipour S.;Hayat K.;Heidari M.;Hessami K.;Heyi D. Z.;Hezam K.;Hiraike Y.;Holla R.;Horita N.;Hossain M. B.;Hosseinzadeh M.;Hostiuc M.;Hostiuc S.;Hussain S.;Ibitoye S. E.;Ilesanmi O. S.;Ilic I. M.;Ilic M. D.;Ismail N. E.;Iwu C. D.;Iwu-Jaja C. J.;Jaafari J.;Jahrami H.;Jakovljevic M.;Jayapal S. K.;Jeswani B. M. M.;Jha R. P.;Jonas J. B.;Joseph N.;Joshua C. E.;Jurisson M.;Kabir A.;Kabir Z.;Kadashetti V.;Kadir D. H. H.;Kaliyadan F.;Kamath R.;Kamble B. D.;Kantar R. S.;Karaye I. M.;Karkhah S.;Kashoo F. Z.;Kayode G. A.;Keykhaei M.;Khajuria H.;Khalid N.;Khan M. N.;Khan T.;Khatatbeh M. M.;Khubchandani J.;Kifle Z. D.;Kisa A.;Kisa S.;Shivakumar K. M.;Kochhar S.;Kompani F.;Koohestani H. R.;Koyanagi A.;Krishan K.;Krishnamoorthy V.;Kruger E.;Bicer B. K.;Kumar N.;Kumar N.;Kyu H. H.;La Vecchia C.;Kumar Lal D.;Van Charles L.;Latief K.;Lauriola P.;Khanh-Dao Le L.;Thu Le T. T.;Ledda C.;Lee W. -C.;Lee Y. H.;Legesse S. M.;Lim S. S.;Liu X.;Lucchetti G.;El Razek M. M. A.;Mahadeshwara Prasad D. R.;Mahasha P. W.;Mahmoudi R.;Rad E. M.;Malik A. A.;Malik M. S. A.;Malta D. C.;Mansournia M. A.;Martins-Melo F. R.;McKowen A. L. W.;Mechili E. A.;Nasab E. M.;Memish Z. A.;Mendoza W.;Mendoza-Cano O.;Menezes R. G.;Mentis A. -F. A.;Meretoja T. J.;Mestrovic T.;Miller T. R.;Mirrakhimov E. M.;Mirza M.;Mithra P.;Mohammadi S.;Mohammed A.;Mohammed H.;Mohammed S.;Monasta L.;Moni M. A.;Montazeri F.;Moradi Y.;Morrison S. D.;Mougin V.;Mubarik S.;Mulita A.;Muniyandi M.;Murillo-Zamora E.;Musa K. I.;Mustafa G.;Muthupandian S.;Nagarajan A. J.;Nangia V.;Nargus S.;Nascimento B. R.;Natto Z. S.;Nayak B. P.;Negoi I.;Nejadghaderi S. A.;Nguefack-Tsague G.;Nguyen D.;Nguyen H. L. T.;Van Thanh N.;Niazi R. K.;Nnaji C. A.;Nzoputam C. I.;Nzoputam O. J.;Oancea B.;Obamiro K. O.;Oghenetega O. B.;Ogunsakin R. E.;Okonji O. C.;Oladunjoye A. O.;Olagunju A. T.;Bali A. O.;Otoiu A.;Owolabi M. O.;Mahesh P. A.;Padubidri J. R.;Palladino C.;Pandey A.;Pandi-Perumal S. R.;Pardhan S.;Patel J.;Pathan A. R.;Patil S.;Pawar S.;Peng M.;Pereira M.;Perico N.;Perna S.;Petcu I. -R.;Piracha Z. Z.;Postma M. J.;Prates E. J. S.;Qattea I.;Raghav P.;Rahim F.;Rahimi-Movaghar V.;Rahman M.;Rahman M. A.;Rahmani A. M.;Rahmani S.;Rahmanian V.;Ramasamy S. K.;Ranabhat C. L.;Rao S. J.;Rashidi M. -M.;Rastogi P.;Rasul A.;Ratan Z. A.;Rawaf S.;Rawassizadeh R.;Redwan E. M.;Remuzzi G.;Rezaei N.;Rezaei N.;Rezaeian M.;Rickard J.;Roever L.;Rotimi K.;Manjula S.;Chandan S. N.;Saddik B. A.;Reza Saeb M.;Saeed U.;Sharif-Askari F. S.;Sahu M.;Salam N.;Kafil H. S.;Samy A. M.;Sanabria J.;Sanjeev R. K.;Sanmarchi F.;Sarikhani Y.;Satpathy M.;Sawhney M.;Saya G. K.;Schwebel D. C.;Seboka B. T.;Senthilkumaran S.;Shahraki-Sanavi F.;Shaikh M. A.;Shanawaz M.;Sharma V.;Shashamo B. B.;Sheidaei A.;Sheikhi R. A.;Shen J.;Shetty A.;Shetty B. S. K.;Shibuya K.;Shigematsu M.;Shirkoohi R.;Shorofi S. A.;Silva L. M. L. R.;Simegn W.;Singh H.;Singh J. A.;Singh P.;Singh S.;Skryabin V. Y.;Skryabina A. A.;Sleet D. A.;Solanki R.;Song Y.;Sreeramareddy C. T.;Suleman M.;Sun J.;Tabish M.;Soodejani M. T.;Tampa M.;Tamuzi J. L.;Tarkang E. E.;Tat N. Y.;Taye B. T.;Tefera Y. M.;Teshome D.;Thangaraju P.;Thapar R.;Ticoalu J. H. V.;Tiyuri A.;Tovani-Palone M. R.;Tran B. X.;Ullah I.;Umair M.;Upadhyay E.;Uzochukwu B. S. C.;Valdez P. R.;Varthya S. B.;Veroux M.;Villafane J. H.;Vu L.;Waheed Y.;Wang Y.;Weaver M. R.;Westerman R.;Wickramasinghe N. D.;Xiao H.;Yaya S.;Ye P.;Yi S.;Yip P.;Yonemoto N.;Yu C.;Zakham F.;Zaki L.;Zare I.;Zarea K.;Zarenezhad E.;Zastrozhin M.;Zhang H.;Zhang Y.;Zodpey S.;Zumla A.
2024
Abstract
Background: While TB-related mortality in the US declined four-fold from 1990 to 2019, country-level estimates of TB burden obscure within-state racial heterogeneity and changes in TB burden over time. In sixteen US Southern States and Washington DC, the effects of health inequities engendered by Jim-Crow laws enacted from the late 1800s to the 1960s have not been evaluated for TB-related mortality. We, therefore, sought to compare TB mortality rates and annualized rate of change (AROC) between 1990 and 2019 in former Jim-Crow vs. non-Jim-Crow states to help guide response efforts and inform resource prioritization to improve racial equity. Methods: We evaluated whether TB-related mortality varied over time, from 1990 to 2019, between states that have a history of enacting Jim-Crow laws vs. states with no such history using estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019). TB mortality per 100,000 population and bootstrap 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were modeled using the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) framework with varying combinations of predictive covariates. For changes over time, we present age-standardized AROC as the percent difference in the natural logarithm of the rate in 1990 and 2019 divided by 30 (i.e., 100*[ln(2019 Rate/1990 Rate)/(30)) and the corresponding 95% UIs. Results: TB-related mortality in all US states declined between 1990 and 2019. From 1990 to 2019, most former Jim-Crow states had higher mortality rates than states that did not enact Jim-Crow laws. The most significant decline in TB mortality was in Washington DC, with a six-fold decline from 2.69 (2.46–2.96) per 100,000 population in 1990 to 0.45(0.37–0.55) in 2019, corresponding to an AROC of -0.83% (-0.86;-0.79). The lowest decline was in Iowa, from 0.30 (0.27–0.33) to 0.09 (0.07–0.11) (AROC: -0.70% (-0.76; -0.63)). Eleven of the 16 states and Washington DC in the third tertile of TB mortality rate in 1990 (range 0.81–2.69) had a history of Jim-Crow laws, whereas none of the 17 states in the first tertile (range 0.30–0.51) had such history. Conversely, mortality decreased relatively slowly in former Jim-Crow states than in non-Jim-Crow states. Conclusions: Even though the 1964 Civil Rights Act dismantled Jim-Crow statutes, racial inequities in TB burden experienced by past generations may still be felt in subsequent generations. Understanding the role of structural racism at the intersection of science and medicine shows the complex ways historical laws, such as Jim-Crow laws, continue to negatively impact health outcomes and warn of future dangers, such as COVID-19, to avoid.
Gona, P., Estrada-Martinez, L., Zhang, L., Gona, C., Mody, A., Rao, S., et al. (2024). Racial disparity in mortality from tuberculosis in the US between states with and without a history of Jim-Crow laws: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) and risk factors study, 1990 to 2019. BMC PUBLIC HEALTH, 24(1) [10.1186/s12889-024-20522-9].
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/618409
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simulazione ASN
Il report seguente simula gli indicatori relativi alla propria produzione scientifica in relazione alle soglie ASN 2023-2025 del proprio SC/SSD. Si ricorda che il superamento dei valori soglia (almeno 2 su 3) è requisito necessario ma non sufficiente al conseguimento dell'abilitazione. La simulazione si basa sui dati IRIS e sugli indicatori bibliometrici alla data indicata e non tiene conto di eventuali periodi di congedo obbligatorio, che in sede di domanda ASN danno diritto a incrementi percentuali dei valori. La simulazione può differire dall'esito di un’eventuale domanda ASN sia per errori di catalogazione e/o dati mancanti in IRIS, sia per la variabilità dei dati bibliometrici nel tempo. Si consideri che Anvur calcola i valori degli indicatori all'ultima data utile per la presentazione delle domande.
La presente simulazione è stata realizzata sulla base delle specifiche raccolte sul tavolo ER del Focus Group IRIS coordinato dall’Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia e delle regole riportate nel DM 598/2018 e allegata Tabella A. Cineca, l’Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia e il Focus Group IRIS non si assumono alcuna responsabilità in merito all’uso che il diretto interessato o terzi faranno della simulazione. Si specifica inoltre che la simulazione contiene calcoli effettuati con dati e algoritmi di pubblico dominio e deve quindi essere considerata come un mero ausilio al calcolo svolgibile manualmente o con strumenti equivalenti.
