Microfibres (MFs) and microplastics (MPs) represent a major class of environmental contaminants, whose reliable analytical identification remains challenging due to heterogeneous polymer compositions, complex additive formulations, and variable aging behaviours. Chemical characterization is further complicated by the coexistence of natural, anthropogenic, synthetic, and bio-based polymers, as well as by progressive transformations induced by environmental exposure and thermal stress. This doctoral research addresses these limitations by developing a multi-analytical strategy coupled with a data-driven computational framework for mass spectral interpretation, aimed at characterizing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) released from polymeric MFs and aqueous leachates. A representative set of natural, anthropogenic, synthetic, and bio-based polymeric MFs was subjected to controlled aging protocols reproducing environmentally relevant conditions. VOCs were extracted by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), whereas organic compounds released into the aqueous phase during leaching were recovered by solvent-based liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). This approach expands the range of detectable molecules. Mass spectral datasets were processed using a molecular networking workflow within the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) platform, organizing structurally related features into chemically coherent clusters. Multivariate statistical methods, including principal coordinates analysis (PCoA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), hierarchical clustering, and Random Forest classification, were applied to identify discriminant features and assess the robustness of polymer-specific chemical signatures. At low HS-SPME extraction temperatures, volatilomes were governed by additives, processing residues, and early-stage oxidation products. Cellulosic fibers released short-chain aldehydes, alcohols, and furanic derivatives; polyolefins emitted linear and branched alkanes and alkenes consistent with chain scission and photo-oxidation; polyesters and polyurethanes showed higher relative abundances of aromatic esters, glycols, and acrylate-related species. High-temperature HS-SPME (200 °C) enhanced the release of molecules from the polymer backbone. Cellulosic fibers emitted furanic and sugar-derived compounds; polyesters released terephthalic- and glyoxylic acid-related species, monomers, and low-molecular-weight esters; polyamides emitted amine- and lactam-associated species, including caprolactam; polyurethanes released acrylate-related compounds. These high-temperature emissions highlight polymer-specific signatures and aging-related molecular changes, though variability between samples was observed. Molecular networking organized mass spectral features into coherent clusters, enabling identification of homologous series and clarification of ambiguous spectral annotations. Continuous library expansion increased annotation confidence. Combined with multivariate analyses, this approach improved the discovery of polymer-specific molecules from pristine and aged materials. Overall, this research advances the chemical understanding of polymeric MF degradation and the organic molecules released during photo-aging, proposing reproducible molecular markers and an integrated data analysis workflow applicable to environmental monitoring, source attribution, and polymer identification. The findings bridge analytical polymer chemistry with environmental MPs and MFs research and support more chemically informed assessment and regulatory strategies.

Le microfibre (MFs) e le microplastiche (MPs) rappresentano una delle principali classi di contaminanti ambientali, ma la loro identificazione analitica è complessa a causa dell’eterogeneità dei polimeri, della presenza di additivi e delle modificazioni legate all’invecchiamento. La caratterizzazione chimica è ulteriormente complicata dalla coesistenza di polimeri naturali, antropogenici, sintetici e bio-based, nonché dalle trasformazioni fisico-chimiche indotte dall’esposizione ambientale e da stress termici. Questa ricerca affronta tali limiti mediante lo sviluppo di una strategia multi-analitica accoppiata a un approccio data-driven per l’interpretazione degli spettri di massa, finalizzato alla caratterizzazione dei composti organici volatili (VOCs) e semi-volatili (SVOCs) rilasciati da MFs polimeriche e dai relativi eluati acquosi. Un insieme rappresentativo di MFs naturali, antropogeniche, sintetiche e bio-based è stato sottoposto a protocolli di invecchiamento controllato riproducenti condizioni ambientalmente rilevanti. I VOCs sono stati estratti mediante microestrazione in fase solida in spazio di testa (HS-SPME), mentre i composti organici rilasciati in acqua sono stati recuperati tramite estrazione liquido-liquido (LLE) e analizzati mediante gascromatografia–spettrometria di massa (GC–MS). Questo approccio multi-analitico amplia l’intervallo di molecole rilevabili. Gli spettri di massa sono stati elaborati tramite molecular networking sulla piattaforma GNPS, organizzando le feature in cluster basati sulla similarità spettrale. Metodi statistici multivariati, tra cui PCoA, PLS-DA, clustering gerarchico e Random Forest, sono stati applicati per identificare le feature molecolari discriminanti. Nell’HS-SPME a basse temperature, i volatilomi sono risultati principalmente influenzati da additivi, residui di processo e prodotti di ossidazione. Le fibre cellulosiche hanno rilasciato aldeidi a corta catena, alcoli e derivati furanici, le poliolefine alcani e alcheni lineari e ramificati, mentre poliesteri e poliuretani hanno mostrato abbondanze relative più elevate di esteri aromatici, glicoli e specie correlate agli acrilati, riflettendo additivi residui e primi stadi di degradazione polimerica. L’HS-SPME ad alta temperatura (200 °C) ha favorito il rilascio di molecole riconducibili al backbone polimerico: le fibre cellulosiche hanno emesso composti furanici compatibili con parziale depolimerizzazione; i poliesteri hanno rilasciato specie correlate agli acidi tereftalico e gliossilico, insieme a monomeri ed esteri a basso peso molecolare; le poliammidi hanno emesso ammine e lattami, incluso il caprolattame; i poliuretani composti correlati agli acrilati. Queste emissioni evidenziano firme chimiche specifiche e indicano cambiamenti molecolari legati all’invecchiamento. Il molecular networking ha fornito un framework per organizzare le feature spettrali in cluster coerenti, permettendo l’identificazione di serie omologhe e molecole comuni a diverse classi polimeriche e chiarendo annotazioni spettrali ambigue. L’espansione continua delle librerie aumenta il livello di confidenza nell’annotazione. Integrando queste informazioni con analisi multivariate, è stato possibile individuare nuove molecole specifiche dei polimeri rilasciate da materiali vergini e invecchiati. Nel complesso, questa ricerca contribuisce a migliorare la comprensione chimica della degradazione delle MFs e delle molecole organiche rilasciate durante la foto-ossidazione, proponendo marker molecolari riproducibili e un workflow integrato di analisi dei dati applicabile al monitoraggio ambientale. I risultati permettono di aumentare la conoscenza dei polimeri di MPs e MFs, che possono supportare lo sviluppo di strategie di valutazione e regolamentazione più solide.

Becchi, A (2026). Towards marine sustainability in luxury packaging and textiles: insights into polymer photodegradation by advanced mass spectrometry techniques. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

Towards marine sustainability in luxury packaging and textiles: insights into polymer photodegradation by advanced mass spectrometry techniques

BECCHI, ALESSANDRO
2026

Abstract

Microfibres (MFs) and microplastics (MPs) represent a major class of environmental contaminants, whose reliable analytical identification remains challenging due to heterogeneous polymer compositions, complex additive formulations, and variable aging behaviours. Chemical characterization is further complicated by the coexistence of natural, anthropogenic, synthetic, and bio-based polymers, as well as by progressive transformations induced by environmental exposure and thermal stress. This doctoral research addresses these limitations by developing a multi-analytical strategy coupled with a data-driven computational framework for mass spectral interpretation, aimed at characterizing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) released from polymeric MFs and aqueous leachates. A representative set of natural, anthropogenic, synthetic, and bio-based polymeric MFs was subjected to controlled aging protocols reproducing environmentally relevant conditions. VOCs were extracted by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), whereas organic compounds released into the aqueous phase during leaching were recovered by solvent-based liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). This approach expands the range of detectable molecules. Mass spectral datasets were processed using a molecular networking workflow within the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) platform, organizing structurally related features into chemically coherent clusters. Multivariate statistical methods, including principal coordinates analysis (PCoA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), hierarchical clustering, and Random Forest classification, were applied to identify discriminant features and assess the robustness of polymer-specific chemical signatures. At low HS-SPME extraction temperatures, volatilomes were governed by additives, processing residues, and early-stage oxidation products. Cellulosic fibers released short-chain aldehydes, alcohols, and furanic derivatives; polyolefins emitted linear and branched alkanes and alkenes consistent with chain scission and photo-oxidation; polyesters and polyurethanes showed higher relative abundances of aromatic esters, glycols, and acrylate-related species. High-temperature HS-SPME (200 °C) enhanced the release of molecules from the polymer backbone. Cellulosic fibers emitted furanic and sugar-derived compounds; polyesters released terephthalic- and glyoxylic acid-related species, monomers, and low-molecular-weight esters; polyamides emitted amine- and lactam-associated species, including caprolactam; polyurethanes released acrylate-related compounds. These high-temperature emissions highlight polymer-specific signatures and aging-related molecular changes, though variability between samples was observed. Molecular networking organized mass spectral features into coherent clusters, enabling identification of homologous series and clarification of ambiguous spectral annotations. Continuous library expansion increased annotation confidence. Combined with multivariate analyses, this approach improved the discovery of polymer-specific molecules from pristine and aged materials. Overall, this research advances the chemical understanding of polymeric MF degradation and the organic molecules released during photo-aging, proposing reproducible molecular markers and an integrated data analysis workflow applicable to environmental monitoring, source attribution, and polymer identification. The findings bridge analytical polymer chemistry with environmental MPs and MFs research and support more chemically informed assessment and regulatory strategies.
SALIU, FRANCESCO
LASAGNI, MARINA
Microfibre; Polimeri; Molecular networking; Foto-ossidazione; Microplastiche
Microfibers; Polymers; Molecular networking; Photo-oxidation; Microplastics
Settore CHEM-01/B - Chimica dell'ambiente e dei beni culturali
English
11-giu-2026
38
2024/2025
embargoed_20290611
Becchi, A (2026). Towards marine sustainability in luxury packaging and textiles: insights into polymer photodegradation by advanced mass spectrometry techniques. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
File in questo prodotto:
File Dimensione Formato  
phd_unimib_825098.pdf

embargo fino al 11/06/2029

Descrizione: Tesi di Becchi Alessandro - 825098
Tipologia di allegato: Doctoral thesis
Dimensione 17.63 MB
Formato Adobe PDF
17.63 MB Adobe PDF   Visualizza/Apri   Richiedi una copia

I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/611703
Citazioni
  • Scopus ND
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? ND
Social impact