The cosmetic industry is experiencing rapid growth, driven by increasing demand for skincare products, particularly anti-aging formulations aimed at mitigating visible signs of skin aging in an aging population. At the same time, the sector is facing major challenges related to the global climate crisis, which has heightened consumer awareness of sustainability and environmental impact. Consequently, there is a growing need to develop cosmetic products that combine efficacy, safety, and sustainability, from raw material selection to final product performance. Within this framework, the main objective of this PhD project was the development of an innovative and sustainable semi-solid anti-aging cosmetic formulation through an integrated and multidisciplinary approach. The project involved the bioprospecting and selection of plant-based active ingredients adapted to extreme environments, the use of low-impact extraction techniques, the evaluation of biological activities, and the development of a functional cosmetic formulation. In parallel, alternative biological applications were explored for extracts not suitable for cosmetic anti-aging use, ensuring their scientific valorization. Two plant species native to or dominant in the United Arab Emirates were selected: Prosopis cineraria (Ghaf), the national tree of the UAE, and Avicennia marina, the only mangrove species naturally occurring in the region. Both species thrive under extreme environmental conditions, such as high salinity, drought, and elevated temperatures, which promote the production of biologically relevant secondary metabolites. In the first phase, hydroalcoholic extracts from different plant parts were screened for antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects against key enzymes involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, namely elastase, collagenase, and hyaluronidase. Ghaf extracts exhibited strong radical scavenging activity and significant inhibition of all tested enzymes, regardless of plant part, identifying Ghaf as a multifunctional anti-aging candidate. Conversely, A. marina extracts showed only moderate or limited activities, insufficient to justify cosmetic formulation development. The second phase therefore focused on Ghaf. A representative whole-plant extract was chemically characterized by UHPLC–DAD–HRMS/MS, revealing a polyphenol-rich profile dominated by catechins and flavonoids. The extract showed antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects against elastase, collagenase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase. A sustainable oil-in-water Pickering emulsion was developed using natural stabilizers and a Design of Experiments approach. The formulation featured a minimal INCI list, avoided heating, and demonstrated excellent physical stability, which was not affected by the incorporation of the Ghaf extract. Finally, given the limited cosmetic potential of A. marina, its alternative biological value was investigated. Phytochemical profiling identified 49 compounds, including phenylethanoid glycosides and triterpene saponins reported for the first time. Antioxidant and in vitro cytotoxicity assays revealed plant-part-specific bioactivities, highlighting A. marina as a promising source of antioxidant and anticancer compounds. Overall, this PhD project highlights the effectiveness of an integrated, evidence-based, and sustainability-oriented approach to the valorization of plant resources, supporting the development of natural cosmetic actives while remaining adaptable to alternative biomedical applications.
L’industria cosmetica sta attraversando una fase di rapida espansione, trainata dalla crescente domanda di prodotti skincare, in particolare formulazioni anti-aging volte a contrastare i segni visibili dell’invecchiamento cutaneo in una popolazione sempre più anziana. Parallelamente, il settore è chiamato ad affrontare le sfide legate alla crisi climatica globale, che ha aumentato la consapevolezza dei consumatori in merito a sostenibilità e impatto ambientale. Ne deriva la necessità di sviluppare prodotti cosmetici che combinino efficacia, sicurezza e sostenibilità, dalla selezione delle materie prime fino al prodotto finito. In questo contesto, l’obiettivo principale del progetto di dottorato è stato lo sviluppo di una formulazione cosmetica anti-aging semi-solida, innovativa e sostenibile, attraverso un approccio integrato e multidisciplinare. Il lavoro ha incluso il bioprospecting e la selezione di attivi vegetali , l’impiego di tecniche estrattive a basso impatto, la valutazione delle attività biologiche e lo sviluppo di una formulazione funzionale. Parallelamente, per gli estratti non idonei all’uso cosmetico anti-aging, sono state esplorate applicazioni biologiche alternative al fine di valorizzarne il potenziale scientifico. Sono state selezionate due specie vegetali native o dominanti negli Emirati Arabi Uniti: Prosopis cineraria (Ghaf), albero nazionale degli UAE, e Avicennia marina, unica specie di mangrovia presente naturalmente nella regione. Entrambe prosperano in condizioni ambientali estreme, note per stimolare la biosintesi di metaboliti secondari di interesse biologico. Nella prima fase, estratti idroalcolici ottenuti da diverse parti delle piante sono stati valutati per attività antiossidante e capacità inibitoria verso enzimi coinvolti nel rimodellamento della matrice extracellulare. Gli estratti di Ghaf hanno mostrato un’elevata attività antiossidante e una marcata inibizione enzimatica, indipendentemente dalla parte vegetale, identificando Ghaf come candidato anti-aging multifunzionale. Al contrario, gli estratti di A. marina hanno evidenziato attività limitate, non sufficienti per uno sviluppo cosmetico. La seconda fase si è quindi concentrata su Ghaf. Un estratto rappresentativo dell’intera pianta è stato caratterizzato mediante UHPLC–DAD–HRMS/MS, rivelando un profilo ricco in polifenoli, in particolare catechine e flavonoidi. L’estratto ha mostrato attività antiossidante e inibitoria verso elastasi, collagenasi, ialuronidasi e tirosinasi. È stata inoltre sviluppata un’emulsione Pickering olio-in-acqua sostenibile, stabilizzata con componenti naturali e ottimizzata tramite Design of Experiments. La formulazione ha mantenuto elevata stabilità anche dopo l’incorporazione dell’estratto. Infine, data la limitata applicabilità cosmetica di A. marina, è stato esplorato il suo potenziale biologico alternativo. L’analisi fitochimica ha identificato 49 composti, inclusi feniletanoidi e saponine triterpeniche riportati per la prima volta. I test antiossidanti e di citotossicità in vitro hanno evidenziato attività significative, suggerendo un promettente potenziale antiossidante e antitumorale. Nel complesso, il progetto dimostra l’efficacia di un approccio integrato, basato su evidenze scientifiche e orientato alla sostenibilità, per la valorizzazione delle risorse vegetali in ambito cosmetico e biomedico.
De Santes, B (2026). DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE SEMI-SOLID COSMETIC EMULSION BASED ON PLANT-DERIVED BIOACTIVE EXTRACTS. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE SEMI-SOLID COSMETIC EMULSION BASED ON PLANT-DERIVED BIOACTIVE EXTRACTS
DE SANTES, BEATRICE
2026
Abstract
The cosmetic industry is experiencing rapid growth, driven by increasing demand for skincare products, particularly anti-aging formulations aimed at mitigating visible signs of skin aging in an aging population. At the same time, the sector is facing major challenges related to the global climate crisis, which has heightened consumer awareness of sustainability and environmental impact. Consequently, there is a growing need to develop cosmetic products that combine efficacy, safety, and sustainability, from raw material selection to final product performance. Within this framework, the main objective of this PhD project was the development of an innovative and sustainable semi-solid anti-aging cosmetic formulation through an integrated and multidisciplinary approach. The project involved the bioprospecting and selection of plant-based active ingredients adapted to extreme environments, the use of low-impact extraction techniques, the evaluation of biological activities, and the development of a functional cosmetic formulation. In parallel, alternative biological applications were explored for extracts not suitable for cosmetic anti-aging use, ensuring their scientific valorization. Two plant species native to or dominant in the United Arab Emirates were selected: Prosopis cineraria (Ghaf), the national tree of the UAE, and Avicennia marina, the only mangrove species naturally occurring in the region. Both species thrive under extreme environmental conditions, such as high salinity, drought, and elevated temperatures, which promote the production of biologically relevant secondary metabolites. In the first phase, hydroalcoholic extracts from different plant parts were screened for antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects against key enzymes involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, namely elastase, collagenase, and hyaluronidase. Ghaf extracts exhibited strong radical scavenging activity and significant inhibition of all tested enzymes, regardless of plant part, identifying Ghaf as a multifunctional anti-aging candidate. Conversely, A. marina extracts showed only moderate or limited activities, insufficient to justify cosmetic formulation development. The second phase therefore focused on Ghaf. A representative whole-plant extract was chemically characterized by UHPLC–DAD–HRMS/MS, revealing a polyphenol-rich profile dominated by catechins and flavonoids. The extract showed antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects against elastase, collagenase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase. A sustainable oil-in-water Pickering emulsion was developed using natural stabilizers and a Design of Experiments approach. The formulation featured a minimal INCI list, avoided heating, and demonstrated excellent physical stability, which was not affected by the incorporation of the Ghaf extract. Finally, given the limited cosmetic potential of A. marina, its alternative biological value was investigated. Phytochemical profiling identified 49 compounds, including phenylethanoid glycosides and triterpene saponins reported for the first time. Antioxidant and in vitro cytotoxicity assays revealed plant-part-specific bioactivities, highlighting A. marina as a promising source of antioxidant and anticancer compounds. Overall, this PhD project highlights the effectiveness of an integrated, evidence-based, and sustainability-oriented approach to the valorization of plant resources, supporting the development of natural cosmetic actives while remaining adaptable to alternative biomedical applications.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Tesi di De Santes Beatrice - 876124
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