Coral reefs are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth and provide essential ecosystem services to millions of people. However, they face escalating local and global disturbances that threaten their existence, with scleractinian corals, the primary reef builders, among the most endangered marine organisms. Addressing this environmental crisis requires multidisciplinary and innovative approaches that integrate top-down conservation strategies with meaningful public engagement. Despite its potential, the role of non-professionals in advancing coral reef science and conservation remains partly untapped. On one hand, citizen science can help answer scientific questions when the scale, timeframe, or remoteness of the research make it impossible for experts to gather data themselves, whilst also providing an opportunity for fostering ocean knowledge. On the other hand, scientists can reduce the gap between science and society through outreach to connect with the global community and help the general public make informed decisions that can influence the sustainable development of the planet for future generations This PhD thesis developed and evaluated two novel public-engagement initiatives through citizen science and outreach to address an understudied scientific question and to test an innovative approach to fostering environmental awareness. The first project, Map the Giants, was designed from the ground up as a global citizen science initiative to identify exceptionally large coral colonies (>5 m linear length), defined as giant corals. These may represent centennial, ecologically valuable organisms, serving as living archives of historical oceanic conditions and, from a cultural standpoint, functioning as symbols of resistance and conservation. The open nature of the repository is intended to enable scientists across different fields to conduct independent and multidisciplinary studies and represents an outreach tool to connect with non-professionals. From its launch, the project reached a global diffusion, receiving 195 submissions from 22 countries, of which 133 were validated and included in a publicly accessible database. Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry was employed to generate 14 three-dimensional models of coral colonies, extract morphological features, and create a high-definition archive for research and dissemination. These results demonstrate the feasibility and scientific value of citizen science for documenting rare organisms over large-scale. The second project, Playing with Corals, aimed to foster environmental awareness by integrating coral reef restoration with football-based activities. By leveraging the popularity of football, the project engaged and formed local trainers and about 100 students between 10 and 14 through play to enhance ocean connectedness and promote stewardship of the marine environment. Football training sessions were designed to support children’s personal development, while reef restoration served as a tool to bridge the gap between participants and the ocean through a place-based experience that would help children gain greater confidence in the water, foster a sense of responsibility toward reefs, and expose them to potential future careers. The pilot study identified key challenges and opportunities to support the development of a replicable model suitable for expansion within the Maldives and other Small Island States. Together, these projects demonstrate that public participation can effectively contribute to both coral reef research and conservation-oriented education, highlighting its potential as a foundational component of future marine conservation strategies.

Le scogliere coralline sono uno degli ecosistemi più biodiversi della Terra e forniscono servizi ecosistemici essenziali a milioni di persone.Tuttavia, crescenti disturbi locali e globali le minacciano mettendone a rischio l’esistenza.Le sclerattinie sono fra i principali costruttori dei reef, ma sono anche tra gli organismi marini più vulnerabili.Per affrontare questa crisi ambientale sono necessari approcci multidisciplinari e innovativi che integrino strategie di conservazione formali con processi basati sul coinvolgimento della popolazione.Nonostante il grande potenziale, il contributo di non professionisti a progetti di ricerca e di conservazione dei reef è ancora solo parzialmente sfruttato.Da un lato, la scienza partecipata (citizen science) può contribuire a rispondere a quesiti scientifici, supportando gli esperti quando la scala, i costi o la durata degli studi rendono impossibile la raccolta diretta di dati, promuovendo al contempo la conoscenza dell’oceano.Dall’altro lato, avvicinare scienza e società attraverso la divulgazione può aiutare la comunità globale a prendere decisioni informate e, di conseguenza, a influenzare lo sviluppo sostenibile del pianeta per le generazioni future.Questa tesi ha sviluppato e portato avanti due progetti basati sul coinvolgimento della popolazione, uno di citizen science e uno di divulgazione, con l’obiettivo di indagare una tematica finora poco esplorata e di testare un approccio innovativo allo sviluppo di consapevolezza ambientale.Il primo progetto, Map the Giants, è stato sviluppato da zero e concepito come un’iniziativa di citizen science a scala globale, con lo scopo di individuare colonie di coralli di dimensioni eccezionali (>5 m di lunghezza lineare), definite coralli giganti.Questi organismi, potenzialmente secolari e di elevato valore ecologico, conservano nei loro scheletri informazioni sulle condizioni passate degli oceani, fungendo da archivi storici e rappresentando, da un punto di vista culturale, simboli di resilienza e conservazione.L’archivio creato, aperto ed accessibile a tutti, consente a ricercatori di condurre studi indipendenti e multidisciplinari e rappresenta anche uno strumento di divulgazione.Dal lancio del progetto sono pervenute 195 segnalazioni da 22 paesi, di cui 133 validate e incluse nel database.Sono stati inoltre generati 14 modelli tridimensionali di coralli giganti tramite fotogrammetria, utilizzati per estrarre caratteristiche morfologiche e creare un archivio ad alta definizione a supporto sia della ricerca che della divulgazione scientifica.I risultati ottenuti testimoniano la fattibilità e il valore scientifico della citizen science per documentare e studiare su larga scala organismi rari.Il secondo progetto, Playing with Corals, sviluppato alle Maldive, mira a promuovere la consapevolezza ambientale integrando il restauro delle scogliere coralline con attività basate sul calcio.Sfruttando la popolarità di questo sport, il progetto ha coinvolto e formato allenatori locali e circa 100 studenti tra i 10 e i 14 anni attraverso il gioco, con l’obiettivo di rafforzare il legame con l’oceano e promuovere la tutela dell’ambiente marino.Le sessioni di calcio sono state concepite per favorire lo sviluppo personale dei bambini, mentre il restauro delle scogliere coralline ha rappresentato uno strumento per avvicinare i partecipanti all’oceano, aumentare la loro sicurezza in acqua, promuovere un senso di responsabilità nei confronti dei reef ed esporli a possibili percorsi di carriera.Lo studio pilota ha messo in evidenza sfide e opportunità per lo sviluppo di un modello replicabile, potenzialmente applicabile ad altre zone delle Maldive e in altri SIDS.Nel complesso, questi progetti dimostrano che la partecipazione del pubblico può contribuire efficacemente sia alla ricerca in ambito corallino sia all’educazione alla conservazione, evidenziandone il potenziale all’interno di strategie di conservazione marina.

Siena, F (2026). Outreach and citizen science for coral reef conservation and restoration. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

Outreach and citizen science for coral reef conservation and restoration

SIENA, FEDERICA MARIALUISA
2026

Abstract

Coral reefs are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth and provide essential ecosystem services to millions of people. However, they face escalating local and global disturbances that threaten their existence, with scleractinian corals, the primary reef builders, among the most endangered marine organisms. Addressing this environmental crisis requires multidisciplinary and innovative approaches that integrate top-down conservation strategies with meaningful public engagement. Despite its potential, the role of non-professionals in advancing coral reef science and conservation remains partly untapped. On one hand, citizen science can help answer scientific questions when the scale, timeframe, or remoteness of the research make it impossible for experts to gather data themselves, whilst also providing an opportunity for fostering ocean knowledge. On the other hand, scientists can reduce the gap between science and society through outreach to connect with the global community and help the general public make informed decisions that can influence the sustainable development of the planet for future generations This PhD thesis developed and evaluated two novel public-engagement initiatives through citizen science and outreach to address an understudied scientific question and to test an innovative approach to fostering environmental awareness. The first project, Map the Giants, was designed from the ground up as a global citizen science initiative to identify exceptionally large coral colonies (>5 m linear length), defined as giant corals. These may represent centennial, ecologically valuable organisms, serving as living archives of historical oceanic conditions and, from a cultural standpoint, functioning as symbols of resistance and conservation. The open nature of the repository is intended to enable scientists across different fields to conduct independent and multidisciplinary studies and represents an outreach tool to connect with non-professionals. From its launch, the project reached a global diffusion, receiving 195 submissions from 22 countries, of which 133 were validated and included in a publicly accessible database. Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry was employed to generate 14 three-dimensional models of coral colonies, extract morphological features, and create a high-definition archive for research and dissemination. These results demonstrate the feasibility and scientific value of citizen science for documenting rare organisms over large-scale. The second project, Playing with Corals, aimed to foster environmental awareness by integrating coral reef restoration with football-based activities. By leveraging the popularity of football, the project engaged and formed local trainers and about 100 students between 10 and 14 through play to enhance ocean connectedness and promote stewardship of the marine environment. Football training sessions were designed to support children’s personal development, while reef restoration served as a tool to bridge the gap between participants and the ocean through a place-based experience that would help children gain greater confidence in the water, foster a sense of responsibility toward reefs, and expose them to potential future careers. The pilot study identified key challenges and opportunities to support the development of a replicable model suitable for expansion within the Maldives and other Small Island States. Together, these projects demonstrate that public participation can effectively contribute to both coral reef research and conservation-oriented education, highlighting its potential as a foundational component of future marine conservation strategies.
MONTANO, SIMONE
coralli giganti; ocean literacy; divulgazione; scienza partecipata; educazione marina
giant corals; ocean literacy; outreach; citizen science; marine education
English
12-giu-2026
38
2024/2025
open
Siena, F (2026). Outreach and citizen science for coral reef conservation and restoration. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/611684
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