Coral diseases, although historically overlooked, are increasingly recognized as critical drivers of reef decline; however, their ecology and pathology remain insufficiently investigated, particularly in biodiversity hotspots such as the Maldives. This thesis presents an integrated, multi-scale investigation of coral disease ecology, morphology, and pathology in the Maldives, focusing on two understudied lesions: coral growth anomalies (GAs) and brown band disease (BrB).By combining ecological observations with detailed morphological, skeletal, and histopathological analyses, this research provides a comprehensive investigation of GAs’ pathologic features within a region of high ecological importance.GAs, found with widespread distribution across the Maldives, affected multiple genera, including Acropora, Montipora, and Pachyseris. Analyzed GA lesions were consistently associated with severe alterations in both skeletal and tissue architecture. Coupled microscopic and gross morphology analysis with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), showed that GAs are primary characterized by hyperproliferation of basal body wall tissues, strictly associated with excessive extension of the coenosteum. Affected skeleton exhibited increased porosity, fragile and haphazard structures, and a higher incidence of skeletal defects, consistent with altered growth and possibly calcification processes. Histopathological analyses confirmed the complex and multifactorial nature of the disease, with no clear or consistent etiological agent across samples or genera. However, in Maldivian corals, GAs were uniquely associated to diverse microbial assemblages not observed in GA lesions elsewhere, suggesting regional ecological drivers despite consistent core pathological features. Concurrently, this study provides the first histopathological characterization of GAs in Pachyseris and identified a possible genus-specific pathological process. In parallel, this research delivers the first comprehensive histopathological characterization of BrB. Gross lesion assessment, genetic analyses, and microscopic observations consistently identified the ciliate Philaster guamense in association with active tissue loss in Acropora cf. muricata from the Maldives, supporting its identification as the primary pathogen. Histopathology revealed ingestion of host cellular material by the ciliate and an absence of pathological features indicative of alternative microbial agents, underscoring the diagnostic value of histological analysis. This research aims to highlight the limitations and inaccuracies of relying solely on gross visual assessment for coral disease identification, emphasizing the essential role of histopathology in building solid case definitions, especially in corals with lesions displaying overlapping external features.This thesis also presented a long-term monitoring study of coral disease prevalence at Thudufushi Island over a twelve-year period (2010–2022), which revealed an overall increase in disease prevalence, a trend consistent with global observations. The temporal analysis confirmed that the Maldives is not exempt from the global intensification of coral disease events under climate change scenario. Collectively, this thesis emphasizes the urgent need for standardized, pathology-informed frameworks for coral disease classification, monitoring, and management. This work contributes to establishing a baseline for understanding coral disease dynamics in the Maldives and offers insights that may support reef conservation and mitigation strategies. As mitigation efforts expand, there is both a research imperative and an ecological necessity for comprehensive and accurate disease risk assessment and health screening prior to any intervention. Ultimately, enhancing the ability to diagnose, characterize, and manage coral diseases is crucial for developing evidence-based conservation strategies and ensuring reef resilience in a rapidly changing ocean.
Le malattie dei coralli, a lungo trascurate, sono oggi riconosciute come fattori chiave nel declino delle barriere coralline, sebbene la loro ecologia e patologia restino poco studiate, soprattutto in aree ad alta biodiversità come la Repubblica delle Maldive. Questa tesi presenta uno studio integrato e multilivello sull’ecologia, la morfologia e la patologia delle malattie dei coralli maldiviani, con particolare attenzione alle growth anomalies (GAs) e alla brown band disease (BrB), due malattie finora poco investigate. Attraverso l’integrazione di osservazioni ecologiche e analisi morfologiche macro- e microscopiche di scheletro e tessuti, inclusa la microscopia elettronica a scansione, la ricerca fornisce una dettagliata caratterizzazione patologica delle GAs. Queste lesioni risultano ampiamente diffuse alle Maldive e interessano diversi generi, tra cui Acropora, Montipora e Pachyseris. Le GAs sono associate a marcate alterazioni dell’architettura dello scheletro e della morfologia tissutale, caratterizzate da iperproliferazione dei tessuti della parete basale, estensione del cenosteo e scheletri più porosi, fragili e disorganizzati, suggerendo alterazioni nei processi di crescita e calcificazione. Le analisi istopatologiche indicano una natura complessa e multifattoriale della malattia, senza un agente eziologico univoco, ma evidenziano associazioni con comunità microbiche specifiche della regione maldiviana. Lo studio fornisce inoltre la prima caratterizzazione istopatologica delle GAs nel genere Pachyseris, suggerendo un possibile processo patologico genere-specifico. Parallelamente, la tesi presenta la prima caratterizzazione istopatologica completa della brown band disease. Analisi macroscopiche, genetiche e microscopiche identificano il ciliato Philaster guamense come patogeno primario associato alla perdita di tessuto in Acropora cf. muricata, evidenziando l’ingestione di materiale cellulare dell’ospite e l’assenza di segnali patologici attribuibili ad altri microrganismi. Un monitoraggio a lungo termine (2010–2022) sull’isola di Thudufushi documenta un aumento complessivo della prevalenza delle malattie coralline, in linea con i trend globali e con l’intensificazione degli eventi patologici legata ai cambiamenti climatici. Nel complesso, questa tesi sottolinea l’urgente necessità di sviluppare inquadramenti standardizzati e dettagliati sulle patologie per classificare, monitorare e gestire malattie nei coralli. Il lavoro contribuisce a stabilire una base di riferimento per la comprensione delle dinamiche delle malattie dei coralli nelle Maldive e offre spunti utili per strategie di conservazione e mitigazione delle barriere coralline. Con l’espansione degli interventi di mitigazione, emerge sia un imperativo scientifico che una necessità ecologica di valutazioni complete del rischio infettivo e di screening accurati prima di qualsiasi intervento. Infine, migliorare la capacità di diagnosticare, caratterizzare e gestire le malattie dei coralli è fondamentale per sviluppare strategie di conservazione basate su evidenze scientifiche e garantire la resilienza delle barriere coralline in un oceano in rapido cambiamento.
Bises, C (2026). Coral Disease Ecology and Pathology in the Maldivian Archipelago: Characterization of Growth Anomalies and Brown Band Disease. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
Coral Disease Ecology and Pathology in the Maldivian Archipelago: Characterization of Growth Anomalies and Brown Band Disease
BISES, CHIARA
2026
Abstract
Coral diseases, although historically overlooked, are increasingly recognized as critical drivers of reef decline; however, their ecology and pathology remain insufficiently investigated, particularly in biodiversity hotspots such as the Maldives. This thesis presents an integrated, multi-scale investigation of coral disease ecology, morphology, and pathology in the Maldives, focusing on two understudied lesions: coral growth anomalies (GAs) and brown band disease (BrB).By combining ecological observations with detailed morphological, skeletal, and histopathological analyses, this research provides a comprehensive investigation of GAs’ pathologic features within a region of high ecological importance.GAs, found with widespread distribution across the Maldives, affected multiple genera, including Acropora, Montipora, and Pachyseris. Analyzed GA lesions were consistently associated with severe alterations in both skeletal and tissue architecture. Coupled microscopic and gross morphology analysis with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), showed that GAs are primary characterized by hyperproliferation of basal body wall tissues, strictly associated with excessive extension of the coenosteum. Affected skeleton exhibited increased porosity, fragile and haphazard structures, and a higher incidence of skeletal defects, consistent with altered growth and possibly calcification processes. Histopathological analyses confirmed the complex and multifactorial nature of the disease, with no clear or consistent etiological agent across samples or genera. However, in Maldivian corals, GAs were uniquely associated to diverse microbial assemblages not observed in GA lesions elsewhere, suggesting regional ecological drivers despite consistent core pathological features. Concurrently, this study provides the first histopathological characterization of GAs in Pachyseris and identified a possible genus-specific pathological process. In parallel, this research delivers the first comprehensive histopathological characterization of BrB. Gross lesion assessment, genetic analyses, and microscopic observations consistently identified the ciliate Philaster guamense in association with active tissue loss in Acropora cf. muricata from the Maldives, supporting its identification as the primary pathogen. Histopathology revealed ingestion of host cellular material by the ciliate and an absence of pathological features indicative of alternative microbial agents, underscoring the diagnostic value of histological analysis. This research aims to highlight the limitations and inaccuracies of relying solely on gross visual assessment for coral disease identification, emphasizing the essential role of histopathology in building solid case definitions, especially in corals with lesions displaying overlapping external features.This thesis also presented a long-term monitoring study of coral disease prevalence at Thudufushi Island over a twelve-year period (2010–2022), which revealed an overall increase in disease prevalence, a trend consistent with global observations. The temporal analysis confirmed that the Maldives is not exempt from the global intensification of coral disease events under climate change scenario. Collectively, this thesis emphasizes the urgent need for standardized, pathology-informed frameworks for coral disease classification, monitoring, and management. This work contributes to establishing a baseline for understanding coral disease dynamics in the Maldives and offers insights that may support reef conservation and mitigation strategies. As mitigation efforts expand, there is both a research imperative and an ecological necessity for comprehensive and accurate disease risk assessment and health screening prior to any intervention. Ultimately, enhancing the ability to diagnose, characterize, and manage coral diseases is crucial for developing evidence-based conservation strategies and ensuring reef resilience in a rapidly changing ocean.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Tesi di Bises Chiara-796940
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Doctoral thesis
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