Sharks are essential for maintaining coral reef ecosystem health and balance, yet their populations face threats from overfishing and environmental changes in most of the Indian Ocean territories. The Republic of Maldives, a shark sanctuary declared in 2010, serves as a hotspot for shark conservation and diving driven tourism in the central Indian Ocean. Despite protections, knowledge about shark population dynamics, aggregation ecology, and species interactions in the country remains limited. This research combines non-invasive underwater visual surveys, laser photogrammetry, behavioral observations collected by researchers and citizen scientist. It examines the structure, composition, and ecological role of grey reef sharks (C. amblyrhynchos) at Villingili Kandu and Miyaru Kandu. Results show consistent, female-biased groups demonstrating the importance of channels as key habitats used by individuals as mating and nursery ground as well as feeding grounds and cleaning spots. We derived an equation by a linear regression between pre-caudal and total length (R ² = 0. 97) resulting in a reliable index enhancing non-invasive size estimates. The study also reports previously undocumented interactions between grey reef sharks and whale sharks, suggesting larger species may act as mobile cleaning stations or assist with parasite removal and predator deterrence. Additionally, the study presents the first confirmed sightings of bull sharks in the Maldives, 23 cases from 2013 to 2023 expand the known range of this species into central and southern atolls, often near inhabited centers and dive sites where shark feeding is practiced. A detailed review of color disorders, using images collected from researchers, published and unpublished studies focusing on piebaldism, is included. Twenty- five confirmed cases across 17 shark species and 11 families are analyzed to clarify terminology, anatomical distribution, and potential evolutionary relevance of these color anomalies. The work demonstrates the value of ecotourism images and citizen science in identifying rare phenotypic variations in large marine animals. Overall, this thesis demonstrates the effectiveness of low-cost and non-invasive methods, especially laser photogrammetry and long-term citizen-science observations, for studying shark ecology in remote, challenging areas. The results establish a reference for understanding shark aggregation behaviour in the Maldives and provide a framework for evidence based conservation efforts throughout the Central Indian Ocean.

Gli squali rivestono un ruolo fondamentale nel mantenimento della salute e dell’equilibrio degli ecosistemi corallini, ma le loro popolazioni risultano minacciate dalla pesca eccessiva e dai cambiamenti ambientali che interessano gran parte dei territori dell’Oceano Indiano. La Repubblica delle Maldive, dichiarata santuario per gli squali nel 2010, costituisce un hotspot per la conservazione di tali specie e per il turismo subacqueo nel settore centrale dell’Oceano Indiano. Nonostante le misure di tutela adottate, le conoscenze relative alla dinamica delle popolazioni, all’ecologia delle aggregazioni e alle interazioni tra specie restano ancora limitate. La presente ricerca integra metodologie non invasive, tra cui rilievi visivi subacquei da citizen science, fotogrammetria laser e osservazioni comportamentali. Nello studio si analizza la struttura, la composizione e il ruolo ecologico degli squali grigi di barriera (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) presso i siti di Villingili Kandu e Miyaru Kandu. I risultati evidenziano la presenza di gruppi a dominanza femminile, sottolineando l’importanza dei canali o pass come habitat chiave utilizzati dagli individui per la riproduzione, la crescita giovanile, l’alimentazione e le attività di pulizia. È stata inoltre sviluppata un’equazione di regressione lineare tra la lunghezza pre-caudale e la lunghezza totale (R² = 0,97), fornendo un indice affidabile per il perfezionamento delle misure. Lo studio riporta altresì interazioni precedentemente non documentate tra squali grigi di barriera e squali balena, suggerendo che la specie di maggiori dimensioni possa contribuire alla rimozione di parassiti e alla deterrenza dei predatori. Vengono inoltre presentate le prime segnalazioni confermate della presenza di squali leuca alle Maldive: ventitré casi registrati tra il 2013 e il 2023 ampliano l’areale noto della specie verso gli atolli centrali e del sud, spesso in prossimità di centri abitati e siti di immersione in cui si pratica shark feeding. Una parte dello studio è dedicata all’analisi dettagliata delle anomalie cromatiche, basata su immagini raccolte da ricercatori e citizen scientist, nonché su studi pubblicati e inediti, con particolare riferimento al piebaldisimo. Venticinque casi confermati, appartenenti a diciassette specie e undici famiglie di squali, sono stati esaminati al fine di chiarire la terminologia, la distribuzione anatomica e la potenziale rilevanza evolutiva di tali variazioni cromatiche. Il lavoro evidenzia il valore scientifico delle immagini provenienti da attività di ecoturismo e dal contributo della citizen science nell’identificazione di rare varianti fenotipiche in grandi organismi marini. Nel complesso, la tesi dimostra l’efficacia di metodologie a basso costo e non invasive in particolare la fotogrammetria laser e le osservazioni a lungo termine condotte nell’ambito della citizen science per lo studio dell’ecologia degli squali in aree remote e difficilmente accessibili. I risultati costituiscono un riferimento per la comprensione del comportamento aggregativo degli squali alle Maldive e forniscono una base scientifica per l’elaborazione di strategie di conservazione fondate su evidenze, applicabili all’intero bacino dell’Oceano Indiano centrale.

Parmegiani, A (2026). Analysis of shark aggregations and ecology in the Maldives. Assessing a protocol for the survey of the species by the use of non-invasive methods.. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

Analysis of shark aggregations and ecology in the Maldives. Assessing a protocol for the survey of the species by the use of non-invasive methods.

PARMEGIANI, ANDREA
2026

Abstract

Sharks are essential for maintaining coral reef ecosystem health and balance, yet their populations face threats from overfishing and environmental changes in most of the Indian Ocean territories. The Republic of Maldives, a shark sanctuary declared in 2010, serves as a hotspot for shark conservation and diving driven tourism in the central Indian Ocean. Despite protections, knowledge about shark population dynamics, aggregation ecology, and species interactions in the country remains limited. This research combines non-invasive underwater visual surveys, laser photogrammetry, behavioral observations collected by researchers and citizen scientist. It examines the structure, composition, and ecological role of grey reef sharks (C. amblyrhynchos) at Villingili Kandu and Miyaru Kandu. Results show consistent, female-biased groups demonstrating the importance of channels as key habitats used by individuals as mating and nursery ground as well as feeding grounds and cleaning spots. We derived an equation by a linear regression between pre-caudal and total length (R ² = 0. 97) resulting in a reliable index enhancing non-invasive size estimates. The study also reports previously undocumented interactions between grey reef sharks and whale sharks, suggesting larger species may act as mobile cleaning stations or assist with parasite removal and predator deterrence. Additionally, the study presents the first confirmed sightings of bull sharks in the Maldives, 23 cases from 2013 to 2023 expand the known range of this species into central and southern atolls, often near inhabited centers and dive sites where shark feeding is practiced. A detailed review of color disorders, using images collected from researchers, published and unpublished studies focusing on piebaldism, is included. Twenty- five confirmed cases across 17 shark species and 11 families are analyzed to clarify terminology, anatomical distribution, and potential evolutionary relevance of these color anomalies. The work demonstrates the value of ecotourism images and citizen science in identifying rare phenotypic variations in large marine animals. Overall, this thesis demonstrates the effectiveness of low-cost and non-invasive methods, especially laser photogrammetry and long-term citizen-science observations, for studying shark ecology in remote, challenging areas. The results establish a reference for understanding shark aggregation behaviour in the Maldives and provide a framework for evidence based conservation efforts throughout the Central Indian Ocean.
MONTANO, SIMONE
GALLI, PAOLO
Oceano Indiano; Squalo grigio; Squalo leuca; Elasmobranchii; Citizen science
Indian Ocean; Grey reef shark; Bull shark; Elasmobranchs; Citizen science
English
5-giu-2026
38
2024/2025
open
Parmegiani, A (2026). Analysis of shark aggregations and ecology in the Maldives. Assessing a protocol for the survey of the species by the use of non-invasive methods.. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/611145
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