I conceptualize payments as affective infrastructures, treating affective orientations not as consequences of relations among people, institutions, and devices that enable payment, but as forces that enable, shape, and continuously reshape those relations. Affects constitute the conditions through which payment infrastructures become inhabitable, credible, or rejected. Through an ethnography of the affective landscape that dominates digital payments in Jamaica, I trace the social, historical, and political context in which a new form of central bank money was conceived and launched. The rollout of Jamaica’s central bank digital currency (CBDC), JAM-DEX, reveals how payments operate as affective practices, driven not only by rational calculation but by emotional, sensorial, and embodied orientations. In a context marked by a long history of colonial domination, racialized and classed banking practices, repeated financial scandals that have eroded trust in regulators, and pervasive narratives about fraud and “scammers,” financial vigilance emerges as the dominant affect shaping digital and mobile payments. Vigilance organizes how people anticipate risk, interpret institutional intentions, and decide whether a payment infrastructure is safe or dangerous. At the same time, this vigilance does not translate into passivity. People engage in forms of creative labour, experimenting with payment practices in order to preserve autonomy and actively claim agency under conditions of infrastructural uncertainty. Attention to the design choices and architectural features of the CBDC further foregrounds longer histories of colonialism, plantation capitalism, debt, and financial instability, showing how unresolved pasts and anticipated futures continue to haunt monetary infrastructures and shape their present reception. Questions of sovereignty, power, and the role of private intermediaries emerge as central: while JAM-DEX is formally issued by the central bank, its day-to-day operations remain embedded in private payment rails. The dissertation also analyzes the Bank of Jamaica’s communication strategy as a project of cosmetic communication, in which aesthetics, branding, and public performance stage digital money as modern, efficient, and inclusive while displacing attention from structural inequalities and everyday frictions, including uneven access to documentation, connectivity, and reliable payment infrastructures. By theorizing payments as affective infrastructures, this study contributes to the anthropology of money and finance, infrastructure studies, and Caribbean anthropology. It offers a framework for understanding why monetary innovations are inseparable from historically sedimented affects and contested claims to sovereignty, class, race, and religion and how, within these constraints, people nonetheless find ways to reassert agency and negotiate livable monetary futures.

Concettualizzo i pagamenti come infrastrutture affettive, trattando gli orientamenti passionali non come conseguenze delle relazioni tra persone, istituzioni e dispositivi che rendono possibile il pagamento, ma come forze che rendono possibili, modellano e riplasmano continuamente tali relazioni. Gli affetti costituiscono le condizioni attraverso cui le infrastrutture di pagamento diventano abitabili, credibili o, al contrario, rifiutate. Attraverso un’etnografia del paesaggio affettivo che domina i pagamenti digitali in Giamaica, ricostruisco il contesto sociale, storico e politico entro cui è stata lanciata una nuova forma di moneta. Il rollout della valuta digitale della banca centrale giamaicana (CBDC), JAM-DEX, mostra come i pagamenti operino come pratiche affettive, guidate da orientamenti emotivi e sensoriali, embodied. In un contesto segnato da una lunga storia di dominio coloniale, da pratiche bancarie razzializzate e classiste, da ripetuti scandali finanziari che hanno eroso la fiducia nei regolatori, e da narrazioni pervasive sulla frode e sugli “scammer”, la vigilanza finanziaria emerge come l’affetto dominante che struttura i pagamenti digitali e mobili. La vigilanza organizza il modo in cui le persone anticipano il rischio, interpretano le intenzioni istituzionali e decidono se una modalità di pagamento sia sicura o pericolosa. Allo stesso tempo, questa vigilanza non si traduce in immobilismo. Le persone mettono in atto forme di lavoro creativo, sperimentando pratiche di pagamento al fine di preservare l’autonomia e rivendicare attivamente la propria agency in condizioni di incertezza infrastrutturale. L’attenzione alle scelte di design e all’architettura della CBDC porta inoltre in primo piano la storia segnata dal colonialismo, dalle economie di piantagione, di un debito pubblico eccessivo e instabilità finanziaria, mostrando come passati irrisolti e futuri anteriori continuino a “infestare” le infrastrutture monetarie e a plasmarne la ricezione nel presente. Questioni di sovranità, potere e ruolo degli intermediari privati emergono come centrali: sebbene JAM-DEX sia formalmente emessa dalla banca centrale, il suo funzionamento quotidiano rimane incorporato in circuiti di pagamento privati. La tesi analizza inoltre la strategia comunicativa della Bank of Jamaica come un progetto di comunicazione cosmetica, in cui estetica, branding e performance pubbliche mettono in scena la moneta digitale come moderna, efficiente e inclusiva, distogliendo al contempo l’attenzione dalle disuguaglianze strutturali e dalle frizioni quotidiane, inclusi l’accesso diseguale alla documentazione, alla connettività e a infrastrutture di pagamento affidabili. Concettualizzando i pagamenti come infrastrutture affettive, questo lavoro si inserisce nei dibattiti dell’antropologia del denaro e della finanza, negli studi sulle infrastrutture e nell’antropologia dei Caraibi. Propone un quadro analitico per comprendere perché le innovazioni monetarie siano inseparabili da affetti storicamente sedimentati e da rivendicazioni contese di sovranità, classe, razza e religione e come, entro questi vincoli, le persone trovino comunque modi per riaffermare la propria agency e negoziare futuri monetari vivibili.

Carabini, C (2026). Payments as Affective Infrastructures: the Introduction of the Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) in early 21st century Jamaica.. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

Payments as Affective Infrastructures: the Introduction of the Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) in early 21st century Jamaica.

CARABINI, CAMILLA
2026

Abstract

I conceptualize payments as affective infrastructures, treating affective orientations not as consequences of relations among people, institutions, and devices that enable payment, but as forces that enable, shape, and continuously reshape those relations. Affects constitute the conditions through which payment infrastructures become inhabitable, credible, or rejected. Through an ethnography of the affective landscape that dominates digital payments in Jamaica, I trace the social, historical, and political context in which a new form of central bank money was conceived and launched. The rollout of Jamaica’s central bank digital currency (CBDC), JAM-DEX, reveals how payments operate as affective practices, driven not only by rational calculation but by emotional, sensorial, and embodied orientations. In a context marked by a long history of colonial domination, racialized and classed banking practices, repeated financial scandals that have eroded trust in regulators, and pervasive narratives about fraud and “scammers,” financial vigilance emerges as the dominant affect shaping digital and mobile payments. Vigilance organizes how people anticipate risk, interpret institutional intentions, and decide whether a payment infrastructure is safe or dangerous. At the same time, this vigilance does not translate into passivity. People engage in forms of creative labour, experimenting with payment practices in order to preserve autonomy and actively claim agency under conditions of infrastructural uncertainty. Attention to the design choices and architectural features of the CBDC further foregrounds longer histories of colonialism, plantation capitalism, debt, and financial instability, showing how unresolved pasts and anticipated futures continue to haunt monetary infrastructures and shape their present reception. Questions of sovereignty, power, and the role of private intermediaries emerge as central: while JAM-DEX is formally issued by the central bank, its day-to-day operations remain embedded in private payment rails. The dissertation also analyzes the Bank of Jamaica’s communication strategy as a project of cosmetic communication, in which aesthetics, branding, and public performance stage digital money as modern, efficient, and inclusive while displacing attention from structural inequalities and everyday frictions, including uneven access to documentation, connectivity, and reliable payment infrastructures. By theorizing payments as affective infrastructures, this study contributes to the anthropology of money and finance, infrastructure studies, and Caribbean anthropology. It offers a framework for understanding why monetary innovations are inseparable from historically sedimented affects and contested claims to sovereignty, class, race, and religion and how, within these constraints, people nonetheless find ways to reassert agency and negotiate livable monetary futures.
BELLAGAMBA, ALICE
CBDC; pagamenti; infrastrutture; affect theory; Jamaica
CBDC; payments; infrastructure; affect theory; Jamaica
English
8-giu-2026
37
2024/2025
open
Carabini, C (2026). Payments as Affective Infrastructures: the Introduction of the Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) in early 21st century Jamaica.. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/610901
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