Microorganisms have shaped life on Earth since its origin, driving major evolutionary transitions through persistent symbioses. Despite this central role, they are still often treated as external factors in studies of health, development, and sustainability. Building on an evolutionary perspective, this doctoral thesis investigates host–microbiome interactions as a unifying framework across evolution, development, human health, and sustainability. Through interconnected studies across multiple biological and spatial scales, this work examines how microbial communities are structured, selected, and transformed by environmental, biological, and anthropogenic drivers. Microbiomes associated with humans and built environments, food systems, and the marine model organism Platynereis dumerilii were characterized. In the built environment, the microbiome of a university campus was analyzed alongside the gut and skin microbiomes of students. Skin, gut, and environmental samples hosted distinct microbial communities, reflecting strong niche specialization, yet together formed a semi-contained urban microbial ecosystem shaped by dispersal pathways, spatial connectivity, and architectural features. Outdoor environments influenced indoor microbiomes through selective filtering, while human–environment exchange was dominated by skin-associated taxa capable of persisting on surfaces. Human microbiomes were further shaped by lifestyle and anthropogenic factors including diet, hygiene, hormonal therapies, physical activity, and urbanization. Comparable dynamics emerged in an evolutionary developmental biology context through a longitudinal analysis of the microbiome of Platynereis dumerilii. Distinct microbial communities were associated with the host, seawater, and microbial mat, indicating strong host- and context-dependent selection even under controlled laboratory conditions. Worm-associated microbiomes followed non-linear developmental trajectories, with diversity peaking during feeding stages and converging during non-feeding phases, supporting the existence of a host-maintained microbial core episodically enriched by transient taxa. Disturbances in culture conditions reset colonization trajectories, and comparisons with wild polychaetes highlighted the combined roles of host traits, environmental exposure, and historical contingency. These ecological insights inform the discussion of microbiota–host health interactions. The thesis reviews the role of the exposome, focusing on diet as both a source of nutrients and a continuous microbial inoculum shaping gut microbiome composition, metabolic potential, and host cardiovascular physiology. This framework is complemented by the characterization of the metabolites and microbial communities associated with contrasting dietary patterns, linked to opposing cardiovascular outcomes. These dietary patterns differed significantly from both the metabolomics and microbial perspectives, reflecting varying degrees of food processing and manipulation. Together, these findings show that microbiome composition was primarily structured by selective persistence rather than dispersal limitation, with functional stability maintained despite high taxonomic turnover. Anthropogenic infrastructures emerged as directional selective filters rather than neutral environments. By integrating microbial ecology with urban design and human behavior, this work proposes microbiome-aware strategies for healthier and more sustainable built environments, including an evidence-based framework for urban ecosystem rehabilitation grounded in the One Health paradigm. The thesis highlights the societal dimensions of microbiome research through contributions to global environmental governance, citizen science initiatives, and art–science integration, arguing that understanding and leveraging microbiomes requires transdisciplinary approaches that recognize microbial symbioses as biological, cultural, and societal actors.
I microrganismi hanno plasmato la vita sulla Terra sin dalle sue origini, guidando transizioni evolutive attraverso simbiosi persistenti. Nonostante questo ruolo centrale, sono ancora spesso trattati come fattori esterni negli studi sulla salute, lo sviluppo e la sostenibilità. Questa tesi di dottorato indaga le interazioni ospite–microbioma come quadro unificante tra evoluzione, sviluppo, salute umana e sostenibilità. Attraverso studi interconnessi multiscala, il lavoro analizza come le comunità microbiche siano strutturate, selezionate e trasformate da fattori ambientali, biologici e antropogenici. Sono stati caratterizzati i microbiomi associati all’uomo e agli ambienti costruiti, ai sistemi alimentari e all’organismo modello Platynereis dumerilii. Nel contesto degli ambienti costruiti, il microbioma di un campus universitario è stato analizzato insieme ai microbiomi intestinale e cutaneo degli studenti. Pelle, intestino e ambiente ospitano comunità distinte, riflettendo una forte specializzazione di nicchia, ma costituiscono un ecosistema microbico urbano semi-continuo, modellato da vie di dispersione, connettività e caratteristiche architettoniche. Gli ambienti esterni influenzano i microbiomi indoor tramite filtraggio selettivo, mentre lo scambio uomo–ambiente é dominato da taxa cutanei. I microbiomi umani risultano inoltre modulati dallo stile di vita, inclusi dieta, pratiche igieniche, terapie ormonali, attività fisica e grado di urbanizzazione. Dinamiche analoghe sono emerse in un contesto di biologia evolutiva dello sviluppo attraverso un’analisi longitudinale del microbioma di P. dumerilii. Comunità microbiche distinte sono associate all’ospite, all’acqua e al tappeto microbico, indicando una forte selezione dipendente dal contesto. I microbiomi associati ai vermi seguono traiettorie di sviluppo non lineari, con un picco di diversità nelle fasi di alimentazione e una convergenza nelle fasi non alimentari, a supporto dell’esistenza di un nucleo microbico mantenuto dall’ospite e arricchito episodicamente da taxa transitori. Le perturbazioni delle condizioni di coltura ridefiniscono le traiettorie di colonizzazione, mentre il confronto con policheti selvatici evidenzia il ruolo combinato di caratteristiche dell’ospite, esposizione ambientale e contingenza storica. Queste evidenze ecologiche informano la discussione sulle interazioni tra microbiota e salute. La tesi esamina il ruolo dell’esposoma, concentrandosi sulla dieta come fonte di nutrienti e inoculo microbico continuo capace di modellare composizione e potenziale metabolico del microbioma intestinale e la fisiologia cardiovascolare dell’ospite. L’analisi è integrata dalla caratterizzazione dei metaboliti e delle comunità microbiche associati a diete contrastanti, con esiti cardiovascolari opposti, che differiscono in modo significativo dal punto di vista metabolomico e microbico, riflettendo diversi gradi di processamento degli alimenti. Nel complesso, i risultati mostrano che la composizione dei microbiomi è strutturata principalmente dalla persistenza selettiva più che da limitazioni alla dispersione, con una stabilità funzionale mantenuta nonostante un elevato turnover tassonomico. Le infrastrutture antropogeniche emergono come filtri selettivi direzionali piuttosto che come ambienti neutrali. Integrando ecologia microbica, progettazione urbana e comportamento umano, questo lavoro propone strategie sensibili al microbioma per ambienti costruiti più sani e sostenibili, includendo un quadro basato su evidenze per la riabilitazione degli ecosistemi urbani, fondato sul paradigma One Health. La tesi evidenzia le dimensioni sociali della ricerca sul microbioma attraverso contributi alla governance ambientale, iniziative di citizen science e integrazione tra arte e scienza, sostenendo la necessità di approcci transdisciplinari che riconoscano le simbiosi microbiche come attori biologici, culturali e sociali.
Ghisleni, G (2026). Microbiomes as ecological and cultural infrastructures for sustainability: Understanding the evolutionary heritage of host-microbiome symbiosis for a multidisciplinary approach to urban rehabilitation. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
Microbiomes as ecological and cultural infrastructures for sustainability: Understanding the evolutionary heritage of host-microbiome symbiosis for a multidisciplinary approach to urban rehabilitation
GHISLENI, GIULIA
2026
Abstract
Microorganisms have shaped life on Earth since its origin, driving major evolutionary transitions through persistent symbioses. Despite this central role, they are still often treated as external factors in studies of health, development, and sustainability. Building on an evolutionary perspective, this doctoral thesis investigates host–microbiome interactions as a unifying framework across evolution, development, human health, and sustainability. Through interconnected studies across multiple biological and spatial scales, this work examines how microbial communities are structured, selected, and transformed by environmental, biological, and anthropogenic drivers. Microbiomes associated with humans and built environments, food systems, and the marine model organism Platynereis dumerilii were characterized. In the built environment, the microbiome of a university campus was analyzed alongside the gut and skin microbiomes of students. Skin, gut, and environmental samples hosted distinct microbial communities, reflecting strong niche specialization, yet together formed a semi-contained urban microbial ecosystem shaped by dispersal pathways, spatial connectivity, and architectural features. Outdoor environments influenced indoor microbiomes through selective filtering, while human–environment exchange was dominated by skin-associated taxa capable of persisting on surfaces. Human microbiomes were further shaped by lifestyle and anthropogenic factors including diet, hygiene, hormonal therapies, physical activity, and urbanization. Comparable dynamics emerged in an evolutionary developmental biology context through a longitudinal analysis of the microbiome of Platynereis dumerilii. Distinct microbial communities were associated with the host, seawater, and microbial mat, indicating strong host- and context-dependent selection even under controlled laboratory conditions. Worm-associated microbiomes followed non-linear developmental trajectories, with diversity peaking during feeding stages and converging during non-feeding phases, supporting the existence of a host-maintained microbial core episodically enriched by transient taxa. Disturbances in culture conditions reset colonization trajectories, and comparisons with wild polychaetes highlighted the combined roles of host traits, environmental exposure, and historical contingency. These ecological insights inform the discussion of microbiota–host health interactions. The thesis reviews the role of the exposome, focusing on diet as both a source of nutrients and a continuous microbial inoculum shaping gut microbiome composition, metabolic potential, and host cardiovascular physiology. This framework is complemented by the characterization of the metabolites and microbial communities associated with contrasting dietary patterns, linked to opposing cardiovascular outcomes. These dietary patterns differed significantly from both the metabolomics and microbial perspectives, reflecting varying degrees of food processing and manipulation. Together, these findings show that microbiome composition was primarily structured by selective persistence rather than dispersal limitation, with functional stability maintained despite high taxonomic turnover. Anthropogenic infrastructures emerged as directional selective filters rather than neutral environments. By integrating microbial ecology with urban design and human behavior, this work proposes microbiome-aware strategies for healthier and more sustainable built environments, including an evidence-based framework for urban ecosystem rehabilitation grounded in the One Health paradigm. The thesis highlights the societal dimensions of microbiome research through contributions to global environmental governance, citizen science initiatives, and art–science integration, arguing that understanding and leveraging microbiomes requires transdisciplinary approaches that recognize microbial symbioses as biological, cultural, and societal actors.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Microbiomes as ecological and cultural infrastructures for sustainability: Understanding the evolutionary heritage of host-microbiome symbiosis for a multidisciplinary approach to urban rehabilitation
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