Biodiversity loss is a major global challenge with profound consequences for ecosystem functioning, resilience, and human well-being. Urbanisation is a key driver of these changes, acting both as a source of habitat degradation and as a potential opportunity for biodiversity conservation through targeted planning and management of green spaces. Within this context, pollinators represent a flagship functional group, essential for the reproduction of wild and cultivated plants and for the delivery of multiple ecosystem services. Developed within the framework of the National Biodiversity Future Center (Spoke 5, Urban Biodiversity), this PhD thesis investigates how urbanisation influences pollinator communities and pollination processes, while evaluating management strategies to enhance urban habitats and support pollinator conservation. The thesis is structured into two main sections, progressing from impact assessment to solution-oriented research. It opens with a comprehensive multi-taxa literature review that provides the conceptual foundation of the work. By critically evaluating biodiversity-friendly practices across spatial scales and trophic levels, the review assesses their ecological effectiveness, limitations, and unintended consequences, explicitly linking biodiversity conservation to ecosystem services and human well-being. This synthesis highlights key knowledge gaps concerning pollinators in urban environments, particularly the effects of urbanisation on pollination as an ecosystem process mediated by species interactions and the limited empirical evaluation of management interventions. The first section examines how urbanisation shapes pollinator communities and their contribution to pollination services through two complementary case studies. At the national scale, Case Study I analyses pollinator abundance, plant–pollinator interaction networks, and pollen transport across six major Italian cities. Results show that urbanisation directly reduces pollinator abundance through habitat fragmentation, while its indirect effects on pollination services are largely mediated by local vegetation characteristics, especially floral resource availability and plant species richness. At the European scale, Case Study II investigates wild bee communities across 708 sites in France, Belgium, and Switzerland, showing that urbanisation acts as an ecological filter leading to species homogenisation, with stronger differentiation at the functional trait level than in conservation status. Building on these insights, the second section evaluates biodiversity-enhancing management practices. Case Study III assesses the role of urban forests in northern Italy as nesting habitats and trophic-resource providers for pollinators. Integrating landscape structure, forest management features, and pollinator functional traits, this study demonstrates that practices such as dead wood retention and structurally complex understorey strongly support wild bee communities, while pollen transport is primarily mediated by functional traits, particularly body size. Case Study IV evaluates reduced mowing regimes and flower strip sowing in urban green spaces, demonstrating that targeted management enhances wild bee abundance, species richness, seasonal stability, and plant–pollinator interaction networks, while identifying floral traits and seed mixtures most attractive to pollinators. Overall, this thesis combines fundamental ecological research with applied studies to clarify how urbanisation affects pollinators, their traits and interactions, and to identify effective strategies for sustaining biodiversity and ecosystem services in increasingly urbanised landscapes.

La perdita di biodiversità rappresenta una delle principali sfide globali, con profonde conseguenze per il funzionamento degli ecosistemi, la loro resilienza e il benessere umano. L’urbanizzazione è uno dei principali motori di questi cambiamenti, agendo sia come causa di degrado degli habitat sia come potenziale opportunità per la conservazione della biodiversità attraverso una pianificazione mirata e una gestione efficace degli spazi verdi. In questo contesto, gli impollinatori costituiscono un gruppo funzionale emblematico, essenziale per la riproduzione delle piante spontanee e coltivate e per l’erogazione di molteplici servizi ecosistemici. Sviluppata nell’ambito del National Biodiversity Future Center (Spoke 5, Biodiversità Urbana), questa tesi di dottorato analizza come l’urbanizzazione influenzi le comunità di impollinatori e i processi di impollinazione, valutando al contempo strategie di gestione volte a migliorare gli habitat urbani e a supportare la loro conservazione. La tesi è strutturata in due sezioni principali, che seguono un percorso dall’analisi degli impatti alla ricerca di soluzioni. Si apre con una revisione della letteratura multi-taxon che fornisce il quadro concettuale del lavoro. Attraverso una valutazione critica delle pratiche favorevoli alla biodiversità a diverse scale spaziali e livelli trofici, la revisione ne analizza l’efficacia ecologica, i limiti e le possibili conseguenze indesiderate, collegando esplicitamente la conservazione della biodiversità ai servizi ecosistemici e al benessere umano. Questa sintesi evidenzia importanti lacune conoscitive sugli impollinatori in ambiente urbano, in particolare sugli effetti dell’urbanizzazione sull’impollinazione come processo ecosistemico mediato dalle interazioni tra specie e sulla limitata valutazione empirica degli interventi gestionali. La prima sezione esamina come l’urbanizzazione modelli le comunità di impollinatori e il loro contributo ai servizi di impollinazione attraverso due studi di caso complementari. A scala nazionale, il Caso Studio I analizza abbondanza degli impollinatori, reti di interazione pianta–impollinatore e trasporto di polline in sei grandi città italiane. I risultati mostrano che l’urbanizzazione riduce direttamente l’abbondanza degli impollinatori attraverso la frammentazione degli habitat, mentre gli effetti indiretti sui servizi di impollinazione sono in larga parte mediati dalle caratteristiche della vegetazione locale, in particolare dalla disponibilità di risorse floreali e dalla ricchezza di specie vegetali. A scala europea, il Caso Studio II analizza le comunità di api selvatiche in 708 siti in Francia, Belgio e Svizzera, mostrando che l’urbanizzazione agisce da filtro ecologico determinando un’omogeneizzazione delle comunità, con differenze più marcate a livello di tratti funzionali rispetto allo stato di conservazione. La seconda sezione valuta pratiche di gestione finalizzate al miglioramento della biodiversità. Lil Caso Studio III analizza il ruolo delle foreste urbane nel nord Italia come habitat di nidificazione e fonti di risorse trofiche per gli impollinatori, dimostrando che pratiche quali la conservazione del legno morto e un sottobosco strutturalmente complesso supportano efficacemente le comunità di api selvatiche. Il Caso Studio IV valuta regimi di sfalcio ridotto e la semina di fasce fiorite negli spazi verdi urbani, mostrando che una gestione mirata incrementa abbondanza, ricchezza di specie, stabilità stagionale e complessità delle reti di interazione. Nel complesso, questa tesi integra ricerca ecologica di base e studi applicativi per chiarire come l’urbanizzazione influenzi gli impollinatori e per individuare strategie efficaci a sostegno della biodiversità e dei servizi ecosistemici in paesaggi sempre più urbanizzati.

Ranalli, R (2026). Pollinator biodiversity and pollination along urbanisation gradients and implications for nature management. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

Pollinator biodiversity and pollination along urbanisation gradients and implications for nature management

RANALLI, ROSA
2026

Abstract

Biodiversity loss is a major global challenge with profound consequences for ecosystem functioning, resilience, and human well-being. Urbanisation is a key driver of these changes, acting both as a source of habitat degradation and as a potential opportunity for biodiversity conservation through targeted planning and management of green spaces. Within this context, pollinators represent a flagship functional group, essential for the reproduction of wild and cultivated plants and for the delivery of multiple ecosystem services. Developed within the framework of the National Biodiversity Future Center (Spoke 5, Urban Biodiversity), this PhD thesis investigates how urbanisation influences pollinator communities and pollination processes, while evaluating management strategies to enhance urban habitats and support pollinator conservation. The thesis is structured into two main sections, progressing from impact assessment to solution-oriented research. It opens with a comprehensive multi-taxa literature review that provides the conceptual foundation of the work. By critically evaluating biodiversity-friendly practices across spatial scales and trophic levels, the review assesses their ecological effectiveness, limitations, and unintended consequences, explicitly linking biodiversity conservation to ecosystem services and human well-being. This synthesis highlights key knowledge gaps concerning pollinators in urban environments, particularly the effects of urbanisation on pollination as an ecosystem process mediated by species interactions and the limited empirical evaluation of management interventions. The first section examines how urbanisation shapes pollinator communities and their contribution to pollination services through two complementary case studies. At the national scale, Case Study I analyses pollinator abundance, plant–pollinator interaction networks, and pollen transport across six major Italian cities. Results show that urbanisation directly reduces pollinator abundance through habitat fragmentation, while its indirect effects on pollination services are largely mediated by local vegetation characteristics, especially floral resource availability and plant species richness. At the European scale, Case Study II investigates wild bee communities across 708 sites in France, Belgium, and Switzerland, showing that urbanisation acts as an ecological filter leading to species homogenisation, with stronger differentiation at the functional trait level than in conservation status. Building on these insights, the second section evaluates biodiversity-enhancing management practices. Case Study III assesses the role of urban forests in northern Italy as nesting habitats and trophic-resource providers for pollinators. Integrating landscape structure, forest management features, and pollinator functional traits, this study demonstrates that practices such as dead wood retention and structurally complex understorey strongly support wild bee communities, while pollen transport is primarily mediated by functional traits, particularly body size. Case Study IV evaluates reduced mowing regimes and flower strip sowing in urban green spaces, demonstrating that targeted management enhances wild bee abundance, species richness, seasonal stability, and plant–pollinator interaction networks, while identifying floral traits and seed mixtures most attractive to pollinators. Overall, this thesis combines fundamental ecological research with applied studies to clarify how urbanisation affects pollinators, their traits and interactions, and to identify effective strategies for sustaining biodiversity and ecosystem services in increasingly urbanised landscapes.
BIELLA, PAOLO
Impollinatori; Gestione urbana; Impollinazione; Aree verdi urbane; Biodiversità
Pollinators; Urban management; Pollination service; Urban green areas; Biodiversity
Settore BIOS-05/A - Ecologia
English
24-mar-2026
38
2024/2025
embargoed_20290324
Ranalli, R (2026). Pollinator biodiversity and pollination along urbanisation gradients and implications for nature management. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
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Descrizione: Pollinator biodiversity and pollination along urbanisation gradients and implications for nature management
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/610808
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