Germanium (Ge) is gaining significance in modern photonics and quantum technologies due to its unique optical and electronic properties. Its integration into silicon photonics can lead into applications in the terahertz (THz) frequency range, which offers a high-frequency bandwidth suitable for modern communication and sensing technologies. Ge benefits from broad spectral transparency and well-known fabrication processes in microelectronics, which have opened the door to the engineering of Ge-on-Si heterostructures that already excel in near-infrared (NIR) applications and show potential for THz functionality. Among the various viable geometries that allow for the confinement of optical modes, the development of high-quality Ge-based photonic crystals is possible thanks to several techniques, including traditional lithography and self-assembly. Ge-on-Si heterostructures are therefore excellent candidates for the design of sophisticated photonic devices, allowing for high-level control of the spectral response. With the growing demand for robust photonic systems, topological designs represent a viable strategy for creating optical modes resistant to defects and diffusion losses, thus enabling the design of topological photonic crystals (TPCs) that support stable optical states from the NIR to THz, leveraging the advantageous compatibilities of Ge within Si-based architectures. The Finite Element Method (FEM) enables numerical modeling of topological states and is used to explore the design of Ge-on-Si-based topological photonic crystals for applications in the THz band, analyzing higher-order topological phenomena and demonstrating the feasibility of reliable THz devices on silicon platforms. The results highlight the advantages offered by germanium in this context, unveiling new opportunities for integrated photonics in the THz domain. Another key strength of Ge lies in its ability to act as active material in specific Group IV alloys, such as Ge1-xSnx, enabling the fabrication of integrated photonic devices. Ge1-xSnx alloys stand out for the possibility of modulating their band structure, enabling direct-band semiconductor behavior, essential for efficient lasing. This thesis addresses the design, fabrication, and characterization of a 1D TPC laser based on Ge1-xSnx. The proposed structure improves light confinement and emission efficiency by combining the principles of topological photonics with the tunable nature of the alloy. This approach addresses the long-standing challenges of silicon photonics, related to the realization of compact and efficient on-chip light sources, and finds experimental confirmation in photoluminescence (PL) measurements, which reveal highly confined optical modes. The thesis concludes with a significant investigation of the intrinsic quantum properties of the Ge atom itself, particularly appealing for spin-based technologies. The strong spin-orbit coupling of Ge and excellent carrier mobility are crucial for cutting-edge applications such as spintronics and quantum computing. Addressing the spin coherence limitations caused by hyperfine interaction, particularly with the 73Ge isotope, is crucial to fully exploiting Ge's potential. Optical studies of isotopically enriched 70Ge epilayers were performed, examining the effects of isotopic purification on spin coherence through Raman spectroscopy and polarization-resolved photoluminescence.
Il germanio (Ge) sta guadagnando importanza nel campo della fotonica moderna e delle tecnologie quantistiche grazie alle sue peculiari proprietà ottiche ed elettroniche. La sua integrazione nella fotonica al silicio apre la strada allo sviluppo di applicazioni nell’intervallo di frequenze del terahertz (THz), caratterizzata da una larghezza di banda ad alta frequenza adatta alle moderne tecnologie di comunicazione e rilevamento. Il Ge beneficia di un'ampia trasparenza spettrale e processi di fabbricazione profondamente noti nella microelettronica, i quali hanno aperto la porta all’ingegnerizzazione di eterostrutture di Ge-su-Si che già eccellono nelle applicazioni nel vicino infrarosso (NIR) e mostrano potenziale per funzionalità nel THz. Tra le varie geometrie realizzabili che consentono il confinamento di modi ottici, lo sviluppo di cristalli fotonici di alta qualità a base di Ge è possibile grazie a diverse tecniche, tra cui la litografia tradizionale e l'autoassemblaggio. Le eterostrutture di Ge-su-Si sono di conseguenza ottimi candidati per la progettazione di dispositivi fotonici sofisticati, in grado di permettere un elevato controllo della risposta spettrale. Con la crescente domanda di sistemi fotonici robusti, i design topologici rappresentano una strategia praticabile per creare modi ottici resistenti a difetti e perdite per diffusione, consentendo così la progettazione di cristalli fotonici topologici (TPC) che supportano stati ottici stabili dal NIR al THz, sfruttando le compatibilità vantaggiose del Ge all'interno di architetture basate su Si. Il Metodo degli Elementi Finiti (FEM) è utilizzato come strumento per la modellazione numerica degli stati topologici, permettendo progettazione di TPC basati su Ge-su-Si per applicazioni nella banda THz, analizzando fenomeni topologici di ordine superiore e dimostrando la fattibilità di dispositivi THz affidabili su piattaforme in silicio. I risultati evidenziano i vantaggi offerti dal germanio in questo contesto, aprendo la strada a nuove opportunità per la fotonica integrata nel dominio del THz. Un altro dei principali punti di forza del germanio risiede nella sua capacità di fungere da materiale attivo all’interno di leghe del gruppo IV, come Ge1-xSnx, aprendo la strada alla realizzazione diretta di dispositivi fotonici integrati. Le leghe Ge1-xSnx si distinguono per la possibilità di modulare la struttura a bande, consentendo di ottenere un comportamento da semiconduttore a banda diretta, indispensabile per un’azione laser efficiente. In questa tesi vengono affrontati il design, la fabbricazione e la caratterizzazione di un laser 1D TPC basato su Ge1-xSnx. La struttura proposta migliora il confinamento della luce e l’efficienza di emissione combinando i principi della fotonica topologica con la natura sintonizzabile della lega. Questo approccio affronta le sfide di lunga data della fotonica del silicio, legate alla realizzazione di sorgenti luminose on-chip compatte ed efficienti, e trova conferma sperimentale nelle misure di fotoluminescenza (PL), che rivelano modi ottici fortemente confinati. La tesi si conclude con un'importante indagine sulle proprietà quantistiche intrinseche dell’atomo stesso di Ge, in particolare la sua applicabilità alle tecnologie basate sullo spin. Il forte accoppiamento spin-orbita del Ge e l'eccellente mobilità dei portatori sono cruciali per applicazioni all’avanguardia come la spintronica e l'informatica quantistica. Affrontare i limiti di coerenza di spin causati dall’interazione iperfine, in particolare con l'isotopo 73Ge, è fondamentale per sfruttare appieno il potenziale del Ge. Sono stati effettuati studi ottici di epistrati di 70Ge arricchiti isotopicamente esaminando gli effetti della purificazione isotopica sulla coerenza di spin attraverso la spettroscopia Raman e la fotoluminescenza risolta in polarizzazione.
Colombo, I (2026). Germanium in the Quantum Landscape: a Platform for Topological Photonics and Spin-based Technologies. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
Germanium in the Quantum Landscape: a Platform for Topological Photonics and Spin-based Technologies
COLOMBO, IAN
2026
Abstract
Germanium (Ge) is gaining significance in modern photonics and quantum technologies due to its unique optical and electronic properties. Its integration into silicon photonics can lead into applications in the terahertz (THz) frequency range, which offers a high-frequency bandwidth suitable for modern communication and sensing technologies. Ge benefits from broad spectral transparency and well-known fabrication processes in microelectronics, which have opened the door to the engineering of Ge-on-Si heterostructures that already excel in near-infrared (NIR) applications and show potential for THz functionality. Among the various viable geometries that allow for the confinement of optical modes, the development of high-quality Ge-based photonic crystals is possible thanks to several techniques, including traditional lithography and self-assembly. Ge-on-Si heterostructures are therefore excellent candidates for the design of sophisticated photonic devices, allowing for high-level control of the spectral response. With the growing demand for robust photonic systems, topological designs represent a viable strategy for creating optical modes resistant to defects and diffusion losses, thus enabling the design of topological photonic crystals (TPCs) that support stable optical states from the NIR to THz, leveraging the advantageous compatibilities of Ge within Si-based architectures. The Finite Element Method (FEM) enables numerical modeling of topological states and is used to explore the design of Ge-on-Si-based topological photonic crystals for applications in the THz band, analyzing higher-order topological phenomena and demonstrating the feasibility of reliable THz devices on silicon platforms. The results highlight the advantages offered by germanium in this context, unveiling new opportunities for integrated photonics in the THz domain. Another key strength of Ge lies in its ability to act as active material in specific Group IV alloys, such as Ge1-xSnx, enabling the fabrication of integrated photonic devices. Ge1-xSnx alloys stand out for the possibility of modulating their band structure, enabling direct-band semiconductor behavior, essential for efficient lasing. This thesis addresses the design, fabrication, and characterization of a 1D TPC laser based on Ge1-xSnx. The proposed structure improves light confinement and emission efficiency by combining the principles of topological photonics with the tunable nature of the alloy. This approach addresses the long-standing challenges of silicon photonics, related to the realization of compact and efficient on-chip light sources, and finds experimental confirmation in photoluminescence (PL) measurements, which reveal highly confined optical modes. The thesis concludes with a significant investigation of the intrinsic quantum properties of the Ge atom itself, particularly appealing for spin-based technologies. The strong spin-orbit coupling of Ge and excellent carrier mobility are crucial for cutting-edge applications such as spintronics and quantum computing. Addressing the spin coherence limitations caused by hyperfine interaction, particularly with the 73Ge isotope, is crucial to fully exploiting Ge's potential. Optical studies of isotopically enriched 70Ge epilayers were performed, examining the effects of isotopic purification on spin coherence through Raman spectroscopy and polarization-resolved photoluminescence.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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phd_unimib_783430.pdf
embargo fino al 04/09/2027
Descrizione: Tesi di dottorato
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