Groundwater systems are complex domains where multiple natural and anthropogenic processes interact, determining the various inputs and outputs of the systems. Current trends in climate change constitute a major threat to groundwater availability. The major concerns are usually related to the direct effects of climate change on groundwater recharge, driven by changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. On the other hand, human activities often exert strong control over the groundwater budget, meaning that human responses to climate change can also have significant impacts on groundwater resources. The primary objective of this work is to examine the key processes governing the groundwater budget in a highly anthropized and intensively cultivated system, in order to identify and quantify the primary drivers of its vulnerability to climate change. To achieve this goal, the work was structured into two consecutive phases: an initial data-driven analysis followed by a model-based investigation. In the first phase, high-resolution data collected by online sensors in active drinking wells were exploited to explore the main processes governing the groundwater budget. Particularly, after a pre-processing aimed at extracting time series representative of static conditions from dynamic data, a time series analysis was carried out, with a particular focus on the seasonal patterns and on a comparative analysis of the system’s dynamics under baseline conditions vs critical conditions (i.e., the 2022 meteorological drought). In the second phase, a three-dimensional numerical model was developed to allow for the quantitative assessment of the main processes identified in the first phase, by simulating the key features of the system, including surface water bodies, springs, and human-driven processes such as irrigation practices and abstractions. Successively, two synthetic scenarios were run to compare the two main potential stressors of the system related to climate change: a meteorological drought and a change in irrigation practices as a potential result of reduced surface water availability. Results clearly indicate that human processes play a significant role in the equilibrium of the aquifer system, and therefore human response to climate change in terms of water management can exacerbate the effects of climate change, in some cases exceeding the magnitude of the direct climatic impacts on groundwater resources. Particularly, in the study area, irrigation return flow from surface-water-fed irrigation emerged as the major component of aquifer recharge. Results reveal that a reduction in the irrigation return flow volumes, associated with potential changes in irrigation practices driven by surface water scarcity, may lead to significant aquifer depletion, with repercussions on surface water bodies, springs, and groundwater-dependent ecosystems, effects that may exceed those directly induced by climatic variability.
I sistemi idrici sotterranei sono domini complessi in cui molteplici processi naturali e antropici interagiscono, determinando i diversi input e output del sistema. Le attuali tendenze del cambiamento climatico rappresentano una minaccia significativa per la disponibilità delle acque sotterranee. Le principali preoccupazioni sono solitamente legate agli effetti diretti del cambiamento climatico sulla ricarica delle falde, dovuti a variazioni di temperatura e di precipitazione. Nonostante ciò, le attività umane esercitano spesso un forte controllo sul bilancio idrico sotterraneo, suggerendo che anche le risposte umane al cambiamento climatico possono avere impatti significativi sulle risorse idriche sotterranee. L’obiettivo principale di questo lavoro è esaminare i processi chiave che governano il bilancio idrico sotterraneo in un sistema fortemente antropizzato e con una forte vocazione agricola, al fine di identificare e quantificare i principali fattori che ne determinano la vulnerabilità ai cambiamenti climatici. Per raggiungere tale obiettivo, il lavoro è stato strutturato in due fasi consecutive: una fase di data-driven iniziale e una successiva fase di indagine modellistica. Nella prima fase, i dati ad alta risoluzione raccolti da sensori online installati in pozzi potabili attivi sono stati utilizzati per esplorare ed identificare i principali processi che regolano il bilancio idrico sotterraneo. In particolare, dopo un pre-trattamento volto a estrarre serie temporali rappresentative di condizioni statiche da dati dinamici, è stata condotta un’analisi delle serie temporali, con particolare attenzione ai pattern stagionali e a un’analisi comparativa delle dinamiche del sistema in condizioni di base rispetto a condizioni critiche (ovvero, la siccità meteorologica del 2022). Nella seconda fase è stato sviluppato un modello numerico tridimensionale per valutare quantitativamente i principali processi identificati nella prima fase, simulando gli elementi chiave del sistema, tra cui corpi idrici superficiali, sorgenti e processi di origine antropica, come le pratiche irrigue e i prelievi da pozzi. Successivamente, sono stati simulati due scenari allo scopo di confrontare i due principali fattori di stress del sistema legati al cambiamento climatico: la siccità meteorologica e un cambiamento nelle pratiche irrigue come potenziale conseguenza della ridotta disponibilità di acqua superficiale. I risultati indicano chiaramente che i processi antropici svolgono un ruolo significativo nell’equilibrio del sistema acquifero. Pertanto, le azioni di mitigazione in termini di gestione delle risorse idriche possono amplificare gli effetti del cambiamento climatico, superando, in alcuni casi, l’entità degli impatti climatici sulle risorse idriche sotterranee. In particolare, nell’area di studio, l’eccesso irriguo derivante da acque superficiali risulta essere la componente principale della ricarica della falda. I risultati mostrano che una riduzione dei volumi di eccesso irriguo, associata a potenziali modifiche delle pratiche irrigue in risposta alla scarsa disponibilità di acqua superficiale. Questo può comportare un significativo depauperamento dell’acquifero, con effetti negativi sui corpi idrici superficiali, sulle sorgenti e sugli ecosistemi dipendenti dalle acque sotterranee che possono superare quelli indotti dalla variabilità climatica.
Redaelli, A (2026). Effetti del cambiamento climatico sul bilancio delle acque sotterranee a scala regionale e di bacino. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
Effetti del cambiamento climatico sul bilancio delle acque sotterranee a scala regionale e di bacino
REDAELLI, AGNESE
2026
Abstract
Groundwater systems are complex domains where multiple natural and anthropogenic processes interact, determining the various inputs and outputs of the systems. Current trends in climate change constitute a major threat to groundwater availability. The major concerns are usually related to the direct effects of climate change on groundwater recharge, driven by changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. On the other hand, human activities often exert strong control over the groundwater budget, meaning that human responses to climate change can also have significant impacts on groundwater resources. The primary objective of this work is to examine the key processes governing the groundwater budget in a highly anthropized and intensively cultivated system, in order to identify and quantify the primary drivers of its vulnerability to climate change. To achieve this goal, the work was structured into two consecutive phases: an initial data-driven analysis followed by a model-based investigation. In the first phase, high-resolution data collected by online sensors in active drinking wells were exploited to explore the main processes governing the groundwater budget. Particularly, after a pre-processing aimed at extracting time series representative of static conditions from dynamic data, a time series analysis was carried out, with a particular focus on the seasonal patterns and on a comparative analysis of the system’s dynamics under baseline conditions vs critical conditions (i.e., the 2022 meteorological drought). In the second phase, a three-dimensional numerical model was developed to allow for the quantitative assessment of the main processes identified in the first phase, by simulating the key features of the system, including surface water bodies, springs, and human-driven processes such as irrigation practices and abstractions. Successively, two synthetic scenarios were run to compare the two main potential stressors of the system related to climate change: a meteorological drought and a change in irrigation practices as a potential result of reduced surface water availability. Results clearly indicate that human processes play a significant role in the equilibrium of the aquifer system, and therefore human response to climate change in terms of water management can exacerbate the effects of climate change, in some cases exceeding the magnitude of the direct climatic impacts on groundwater resources. Particularly, in the study area, irrigation return flow from surface-water-fed irrigation emerged as the major component of aquifer recharge. Results reveal that a reduction in the irrigation return flow volumes, associated with potential changes in irrigation practices driven by surface water scarcity, may lead to significant aquifer depletion, with repercussions on surface water bodies, springs, and groundwater-dependent ecosystems, effects that may exceed those directly induced by climatic variability.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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phd_unimib_808938.pdf
accesso aperto
Descrizione: Tesi di Redaelli Agnese - 808938
Tipologia di allegato:
Doctoral thesis
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10.84 MB
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