Embryonic hematopoiesis is a complex process consisting in the emergence of three consecutive and partially overlapping waves of hematopoietic cells, which culminates with the generation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). However, several aspects of this process are still incompletely understood. In this context, this work initially focused on investigating normal embryonic hematopoiesis. By combining lineage-tracing strategies, functional assays, and single-cell transcriptomics in mice, we characterized the heterogeneity of the hemogenic endothelium (HE), a specialized endothelial population that gives rise to all embryonic hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Through genetic fate mapping strategies that allow labeling and tracking of distinct subsets of fetal HSPCs, we characterized the contribution of different subsets of fetal HSPCs to embryonic hematopoiesis. Notably, we were able to capture a wave of fetal-restricted hematopoietic progenitors emerging from a subset of HE localized in the vitelline and umbilical arteries between embryonic day (E)8.5 and E9.5, which represents a predominant contributor to fetal lympho-myelopoiesis. This knowledge served us as a platform to generate a novel KrasG12D-driven mouse model of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) with prenatal onset. JMML is a RAS-driven pediatric myeloproliferative disease that often originates before birth. With current models, investigating the in utero origins of the disease is particularly challenging. Thus, we exploited our newly generated model to tackle this understudied aspect of JMML. Our model resembles the main features of the human disease. Our results demonstrated that JMML can originate not only from fetal HSCs but also from HSC-independent progenitors, which show differential susceptibility to KrasG12D-induced leukemic transformation. We were able to identify a in utero pre-leukemic stage of the disease and conclusively demonstrate that mutation acquisition in embryonic HSPCs can result in JMML disease development after birth. Using a different model, we also showed that HSC-independent progenitors can undergo leukemic transformation upon acquisition of the Mll-Af9 translocation. In summary, by characterizing the identity and the contribution of fetal HSPCs to fetal hematopoiesis, and studying their susceptibility to leukemic transformation, this work highlights how gaining deeper insights in basic developmental research is essential for translational advance in pediatric leukemia.

L’ematopoiesi embrionale è un processo complesso che si articola in tre ondate consecutive e parzialmente sovrapposte, che portano infine alla formazione delle cellule staminali ematopoietiche (HSCs). Tuttavia, diversi aspetti di questo processo non sono ancora completamente noti. In questo contesto, questo lavoro di tesi si è inizialmente focalizzato sullo studio dell’ematopoiesi embrionale fisiologica. Combinando strategie di lineage-tracing, saggi funzionali e trascrittomica a singola cellula in modelli murini, è stato possibile caratterizzare l’eterogeneità dell’endotelio emogenico (HE), una popolazione endoteliale specializzata da cui originano tutte le cellule staminali e progenitrici ematopoietiche embrionali (HSPCs). Attraverso un approccio di genetic fate mapping, che consente di marcare e tracciare sottopopolazioni distinte di HSPCs fetali, è stato possibile definire il contributo delle diverse popolazioni di HSPCs all’ematopoiesi embrionale. In particolare, abbiamo identificato un’ondata di fetal-restricted HSPCs, che emerge dall’HE localizzato nelle arterie vitellina e ombelicale tra il giorno embrionale (E)8.5 ed E9.5, che contribuisce in modo predominante alla linfo-mielopoiesi durante lo sviluppo embrionale. Queste conoscenze hanno fornito le basi per generare un nuovo modello murino di leucemia mielomonocitica infantile (JMML) associata alla mutazione KrasG12D con insorgenza prenatale. La JMML è una neoplasia mieloproliferativa pediatrica causata da mutazioni nel pathway di RAS, che spesso origina prima della nascita. Con i modelli attualmente disponibili, lo studio della sua origine prenatale è particolarmente complesso. Pertanto, abbiamo indagato questo aspetto, attualmente poco studiato, utilizzando il nostro nuovo modello murino, che presenta le principali caratteristiche della malattia umana. I nostri risultati dimostrano che la JMML può derivare non solo dalle HSCs fetali, ma anche da progenitori HSC-indipendenti, caratterizzati da diversa suscettibilità alla trasformazione leucemica. Abbiamo inoltre identificato uno stadio pre-leucemico in utero, dimostrando dunque che l’acquisizione della mutazione nelle HSPCs fetali può portare allo sviluppo postnatale della JMML. Utilizzando un modello diverso, abbiamo dimostrato che i progenitori HSC-indipendenti sono soggetti a trasformazione leucemica in seguito all’acquisizione della traslocazione Mll-Af9. In conclusione, la caratterizzazione dell’identità e del contributo delle HSPC fetali all’ematopoiesi embrionale, insieme allo studio della loro suscettibilità alla trasformazione leucemica, evidenzia come una conoscenza più approfondita dei meccanismi di base dello sviluppo embrionale sia fondamentale per promuovere i progressi traslazionali nello studio delle leucemie pediatriche.

Quattrini, G (2026). Dissecting pre-natal hematopoiesis in health and disease: from the emergence of embryonic stem and progenitor cells to the origins of pediatric leukemia. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

Dissecting pre-natal hematopoiesis in health and disease: from the emergence of embryonic stem and progenitor cells to the origins of pediatric leukemia

QUATTRINI, GIULIA
2026

Abstract

Embryonic hematopoiesis is a complex process consisting in the emergence of three consecutive and partially overlapping waves of hematopoietic cells, which culminates with the generation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). However, several aspects of this process are still incompletely understood. In this context, this work initially focused on investigating normal embryonic hematopoiesis. By combining lineage-tracing strategies, functional assays, and single-cell transcriptomics in mice, we characterized the heterogeneity of the hemogenic endothelium (HE), a specialized endothelial population that gives rise to all embryonic hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Through genetic fate mapping strategies that allow labeling and tracking of distinct subsets of fetal HSPCs, we characterized the contribution of different subsets of fetal HSPCs to embryonic hematopoiesis. Notably, we were able to capture a wave of fetal-restricted hematopoietic progenitors emerging from a subset of HE localized in the vitelline and umbilical arteries between embryonic day (E)8.5 and E9.5, which represents a predominant contributor to fetal lympho-myelopoiesis. This knowledge served us as a platform to generate a novel KrasG12D-driven mouse model of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) with prenatal onset. JMML is a RAS-driven pediatric myeloproliferative disease that often originates before birth. With current models, investigating the in utero origins of the disease is particularly challenging. Thus, we exploited our newly generated model to tackle this understudied aspect of JMML. Our model resembles the main features of the human disease. Our results demonstrated that JMML can originate not only from fetal HSCs but also from HSC-independent progenitors, which show differential susceptibility to KrasG12D-induced leukemic transformation. We were able to identify a in utero pre-leukemic stage of the disease and conclusively demonstrate that mutation acquisition in embryonic HSPCs can result in JMML disease development after birth. Using a different model, we also showed that HSC-independent progenitors can undergo leukemic transformation upon acquisition of the Mll-Af9 translocation. In summary, by characterizing the identity and the contribution of fetal HSPCs to fetal hematopoiesis, and studying their susceptibility to leukemic transformation, this work highlights how gaining deeper insights in basic developmental research is essential for translational advance in pediatric leukemia.
AZZONI, EMANUELE
Leucemie pediatriche; JMML; Cellula d'origine; Sviluppo embrionale; Ematopoiesi
Pediatric leukemias; JMML; Cell of origin; Fetal development; Hematopoiesis
Settore BIOS-10/A - Biologia cellulare e applicata
Italian
13-mar-2026
38
2024/2025
open
Quattrini, G (2026). Dissecting pre-natal hematopoiesis in health and disease: from the emergence of embryonic stem and progenitor cells to the origins of pediatric leukemia. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/610772
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