The increasing concentration of atmospheric CO₂, represents one of the most urgent environmental challenges of our time. Transforming CO₂ from an undesired emission into a valuable chemical feedstock is therefore crucial for establishing sustainable carbon management strategies. Among the diverse CO₂ utilization pathways, the catalytic hydrogenation stands out due to its industrial maturity and its role in enabling a circular carbon economy. However, CO₂ activation remains difficult because of its intrinsic thermodynamic stability, thus requiring catalytic activation. The design and improvement of a catalysts is no easy task, as catalytic performance is strongly dependent on the interplay between metal dispersion, support chemistry, and defect structure. This thesis addresses these challenges by exploring how defect formation, evolution, and metal–support interactions govern activity and selectivity in catalysts for CO₂ conversion. A unifying methodological approach throughout the work is the application of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, complemented by XAS, XPS, UV-Vis, and in situ DRIFTS, to trace the coordination and electronic environment of active species under working conditions. The first part investigates SrTiO₃-based perovskite oxides as platforms for exsolution-driven generation of metal nanoparticles. In Cu-doped SrTiO₃, EPR and XANES demonstrate that copper occupies sites with distinct redox behaviours and interacts strongly with oxygen vacancies, revealing a heterogeneous exsolution process that cannot be understood solely through structural analysis. Extending to Fe–Ni co-doped SrTiO₃ shows that co-doping modulates defect formation and facilitates the emergence of bimetallic nanoparticles with enhanced activity in the Reverse Water Gas Shift reaction. The results highlight exsolution as a controllable strategy to stabilize active metal species through strong metal–support anchoring and reversible redox cycling. The second part employs atomically precise Au25 and CuxAu25-x nanoclusters supported on ZnO as model catalysts for CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol. These systems allow the controlled investigation of surface defect chemistry of the support. Cu incorporation into Au clusters increases the formation of oxygen vacancies on ZnO, which actively participate in CO₂ activation and hydrogenation. Catalytic testing and spectroscopic monitoring reveal that methanol production is enhanced when alloy composition and support defectivity are synergistically optimized, emphasizing the dynamic and cooperative role of the oxide surface. Finally, the study examines Cu/Zn-based catalysts, comparing commercial and synthesized Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ systems and introducing Cu,Zn co-doped SrTiO₃ as a hybrid material bridging classical and exsolved architectures. The results confirm the importance of the Cu–Zn synergy and suggest that lattice engineering can be employed to tune metal dispersion and strengthen active interfacial sites. Preliminary studies on BaZrO₃ analogues further indicate that modifying the perovskite lattice offers a pathway to increase metal loading and nanoparticle density for improved CO₂ conversion. Overall, this thesis demonstrates that defects are not passive structural irregularities but essential contributors to catalytic reactivity, influencing metal mobility, oxidation state dynamics, and reaction selectivity. Through the combined use of advanced spectroscopy and rational materials design, this work provides new insights into the structure–function relationships governing CO₂ hydrogenation and proposes defect engineering and exsolution as promising strategies for the development of next-generation catalysts for sustainable CO₂ valorisation.

L’aumento della CO₂ atmosferica è una delle sfide ambientali più urgenti. Trasformare la CO₂ da scarto a risorsa è quindi fondamentale per sviluppare strategie sostenibili di gestione del carbonio. Tra le diverse vie di valorizzazione, l’idrogenazione catalitica della CO₂ è particolarmente promettente per la sua maturità industriale e per il ruolo centrale che può avere in un’economia circolare del carbonio. Tuttavia, l’attivazione della CO₂ è resa complessa dalla sua stabilità termodinamica, necessitando quindi di un catalizzatore per essere attivata. Lo sviluppo e l’implemento di un catalizzatore, tuttavia, non è una questione semplice, l’efficienza catalitica infatti dipende da svariate proprietà, come dal rapporto tra la dispersione dei metalli, la chimica del supporto e la struttura difettuale. Questa tesi esplora come la formazione ed evoluzione dei difetti, insieme alle interazioni metallo–supporto, influenzino attività e selettività nella conversione della CO₂. Il filo conduttore è l’uso della spettroscopia EPR, supportata da tecniche complementari (XAS, XPS, UV-Vis, DRIFTS), per monitorare coordinazione e stato di ossidazione dei centri attivi in condizioni prossime a quelle operative. Nella prima parte, vengono studiati ossidi di perovskiti (i.e. SrTiO₃) come piattaforme per la generazione, tramite exsolution, di nanoparticelle metalliche fortemente ancorate al supporto. Nel caso di SrTiO₃ drogato con Cu, le analisi EPR e XANES mostrano come il rame occupi siti con geometria e coordinazione differente oltre che con comportamenti redox distinti e forti interazioni con le vacanze di ossigeno, rivelando che il processo di exsolution più eterogeneo e complicato di quanto comunemente ipotizzato. L’estensione a sistemi co-drogati Fe–Ni evidenzia come il co-drogaggio possa modulare la formazione di difetti e favorire l’exsolution di nanoparticelle bimetalliche attive nella reazione RWGS. Questi risultati mostrano come l’exsolution rappresenti una strategia efficace per produrre catalizzatori supportati ad elevata attività e di notevole stabilità. La seconda parte riguarda lo studio di sistemi a base di nanocluster metallici (Au25 e CuxAu25–x) supportati su ZnO come sistemi modello per studiare la conversione della CO₂ a metanolo. L’introduzione di Cu nei cluster aumenta la formazione di vacanze di ossigeno, cruciali nell’attivazione e idrogenazione della CO₂. Test catalitici, e lo studio in situ dei materiali, mostrano che la massima selettività al metanolo si ottiene quando composizione metallica e difetti operano in modo sinergico. Infine, vengono analizzati catalizzatori Cu/Zn, confrontando sistemi commerciali e sintetizzati di Cu/ZnO/Al2O3, e introducendo SrTiO₃ co-drogato Cu,Zn come materiale “ibrido” c che combina i vantaggi dell’exsolution con la nota sinergia Cu–Zn. I risultati confermano il ruolo decisivo dell’interfaccia Cu–Zn e suggeriscono nuove prospettive basate sull’ingegnerizzazione del reticolo. In conclusione, questo lavoro di tesi mostra come i difetti non siano semplici imperfezioni strutturali, ma elementi chiave che governano reattività catalitica, influenzando mobilità dei metalli, stati di ossidazione e selettività. L’approccio combinato tra progettazione dei materiali e caratterizzazione spettroscopica avanzata apre la strada a catalizzatori di nuova generazione per la valorizzazione sostenibile della CO₂.

Mariani, P (2026). Metal oxide-based catalyst for the catalytic conversion of CO2 into added-value fuels. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

Metal oxide-based catalyst for the catalytic conversion of CO2 into added-value fuels

MARIANI, PIETRO
2026

Abstract

The increasing concentration of atmospheric CO₂, represents one of the most urgent environmental challenges of our time. Transforming CO₂ from an undesired emission into a valuable chemical feedstock is therefore crucial for establishing sustainable carbon management strategies. Among the diverse CO₂ utilization pathways, the catalytic hydrogenation stands out due to its industrial maturity and its role in enabling a circular carbon economy. However, CO₂ activation remains difficult because of its intrinsic thermodynamic stability, thus requiring catalytic activation. The design and improvement of a catalysts is no easy task, as catalytic performance is strongly dependent on the interplay between metal dispersion, support chemistry, and defect structure. This thesis addresses these challenges by exploring how defect formation, evolution, and metal–support interactions govern activity and selectivity in catalysts for CO₂ conversion. A unifying methodological approach throughout the work is the application of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, complemented by XAS, XPS, UV-Vis, and in situ DRIFTS, to trace the coordination and electronic environment of active species under working conditions. The first part investigates SrTiO₃-based perovskite oxides as platforms for exsolution-driven generation of metal nanoparticles. In Cu-doped SrTiO₃, EPR and XANES demonstrate that copper occupies sites with distinct redox behaviours and interacts strongly with oxygen vacancies, revealing a heterogeneous exsolution process that cannot be understood solely through structural analysis. Extending to Fe–Ni co-doped SrTiO₃ shows that co-doping modulates defect formation and facilitates the emergence of bimetallic nanoparticles with enhanced activity in the Reverse Water Gas Shift reaction. The results highlight exsolution as a controllable strategy to stabilize active metal species through strong metal–support anchoring and reversible redox cycling. The second part employs atomically precise Au25 and CuxAu25-x nanoclusters supported on ZnO as model catalysts for CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol. These systems allow the controlled investigation of surface defect chemistry of the support. Cu incorporation into Au clusters increases the formation of oxygen vacancies on ZnO, which actively participate in CO₂ activation and hydrogenation. Catalytic testing and spectroscopic monitoring reveal that methanol production is enhanced when alloy composition and support defectivity are synergistically optimized, emphasizing the dynamic and cooperative role of the oxide surface. Finally, the study examines Cu/Zn-based catalysts, comparing commercial and synthesized Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ systems and introducing Cu,Zn co-doped SrTiO₃ as a hybrid material bridging classical and exsolved architectures. The results confirm the importance of the Cu–Zn synergy and suggest that lattice engineering can be employed to tune metal dispersion and strengthen active interfacial sites. Preliminary studies on BaZrO₃ analogues further indicate that modifying the perovskite lattice offers a pathway to increase metal loading and nanoparticle density for improved CO₂ conversion. Overall, this thesis demonstrates that defects are not passive structural irregularities but essential contributors to catalytic reactivity, influencing metal mobility, oxidation state dynamics, and reaction selectivity. Through the combined use of advanced spectroscopy and rational materials design, this work provides new insights into the structure–function relationships governing CO₂ hydrogenation and proposes defect engineering and exsolution as promising strategies for the development of next-generation catalysts for sustainable CO₂ valorisation.
GRECO, CLAUDIO
D'ARIENZO, MASSIMILIANO
catalizzatori; CO2; Difetti; Ossidi di metalli; EPR
catalyst; CO2; Defects; metal oxide; EPR
English
24-feb-2026
38
2024/2025
open
Mariani, P (2026). Metal oxide-based catalyst for the catalytic conversion of CO2 into added-value fuels. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/610771
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