The perinatal period represents a critical developmental window marked by profound psychological, relational, and contextual transformations. During this time, both mothers and fathers engage in complex processes of emotional reorganization, identity negotiation, and adaptation to new caregiving roles. These processes can be further shaped by medicalized contexts, such as Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) and Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs), where technological, institutional, and relational dimensions intersect to influence the experience of becoming a parent. Within this framework, the present doctoral thesis investigates parental psychological well-being through a multi-method approach, integrating quantitative and qualitative perspectives to capture both the structural determinants and the subjective meanings of perinatal adjustment. The first line of research adopts a longitudinal design to examine the trajectories of maternal psychological well-being from late pregnancy to six months after, identifying individual, relational, and contextual predictors of emotional adjustment. Particular attention was devoted to the mode of conception—spontaneous versus ART—as a potential contextual moderator of maternal adaptation. The study assessed general and pregnancy-specific anxiety, depressive mood, loneliness, defensive functioning, and maternal–fetal and postnatal attachment. Overall, mothers reported good adaptation, although a non-negligible subgroup experienced psychological vulnerability during pregnancy and after childbirth. Postpartum data showed an increase in depressive mood, a decrease in anxiety, and stability in loneliness, with ART conception emerging as a specific risk factor for postpartum anxiety. Across groups, psychological and relational factors, such as defense mechanisms, trait anxiety and social support, jointly shaped maternal well-being and attachment across the perinatal transition. The results point to a continuity between prenatal and postnatal functioning, highlighting how the quality of emotional adjustment during pregnancy can anticipate later patterns of adaptation. The second line of research focuses on fathers’ experiences in NICUs, emblematic of highly medicalized perinatal environments where emotional and relational processes are deeply intertwined with institutional and technological dynamics. Through thematic analysis of narrative interviews with fathers of preterm infants hospitalized in NICUs across different levels of care, the study explores how men construct and negotiate their paternal identity within contexts of neonatal fragility and clinical specialization. Three main themes emerged, Navigating the NICU: Between Uncertainty and Powerlessness, Relationships in the NICU: Between Care and Connection, Fatherhood in the NICU: Negotiating Identity and Role Across narratives. Fathers described the NICU as a liminal space where their sense of fatherhood was marked by feelings of helplessness and emotional distance, alternating with moments of recognition and inclusion. The analysis highlights how the construction of paternal identity in these medicalized settings is shaped by the interplay between institutional containment, relational inclusion, and the degree of access and participation afforded to fathers. Taken together, the two studies offer complementary insights into maternal and paternal adaptation in medicalized perinatal contexts. By integrating quantitative and qualitative evidence, the dissertation proposes a multidimensional model of parental well-being that encompasses both vulnerability and resilience, grounded in the dynamic interaction between personal resources, relational networks and contextual frameworks of care. The results advocate for family-centered and developmentally informed models of perinatal care, attentive to the needs and strengths of both mothers and fathers across diverse clinical setting.
Il periodo perinatale rappresenta una finestra di sviluppo cruciale, caratterizzata da profonde trasformazioni psicologiche, relazionali e contestuali. In questa fase, madri e padri attraversano complessi processi di riorganizzazione emotiva, negoziazione identitaria e adattamento a nuovi ruoli di cura. Tali processi possono essere ulteriormente influenzati da contesti medicalizzati, come le Tecniche di Riproduzione Assistita (ART) e le Terapie Intensive Neonatali (TIN), in cui dimensioni tecnologiche, istituzionali e relazionali si intrecciano nel plasmare l’esperienza del diventare genitori. In questo quadro, la presente tesi di dottorato indaga il benessere psicologico genitoriale attraverso un approccio multi-metodo, integrando prospettive quantitative e qualitative per cogliere i determinanti strutturali e i significati soggettivi dell’adattamento perinatale. La prima linea di ricerca adotta un disegno longitudinale per esaminare le traiettorie del benessere psicologico materno dall’ultima fase della gravidanza ai sei mesi dopo, identificando predittori individuali, relazionali e contestuali dell’adattamento emotivo. Particolare attenzione è stata dedicata alla modalità di concepimento – spontanea o mediante ART – considerata come potenziale moderatore contestuale dell’adattamento materno. Lo studio ha valutato ansia generale e specifica per la gravidanza, umore depresso, solitudine, funzionamento difensivo e attaccamento materno-fetale e postnatale. Complessivamente, le madri hanno riportato un buon adattamento, sebbene un sottogruppo non trascurabile abbia manifestato vulnerabilità psicologica durante la gravidanza e dopo il parto. I dati del post-partum hanno mostrato un aumento dell’umore depresso, una diminuzione dell’ansia e una stabilità nella solitudine, con il concepimento tramite ART emerso come specifico fattore di rischio per l’ansia post-partum. In entrambi i gruppi, fattori psicologici e relazionali – come i meccanismi di difesa, l’ansia di tratto e il supporto sociale – hanno congiuntamente influenzato il benessere materno e l’attaccamento nel corso della transizione perinatale. I risultati evidenziano una continuità tra funzionamento prenatale e postnatale, sottolineando come la qualità dell’adattamento emotivo durante la gravidanza possa anticipare i successivi pattern di adattamento. La seconda linea di ricerca si concentra sulle esperienze dei padri nelle TIN, contesti perinatali fortemente medicalizzati in cui i processi emotivi e relazionali si intrecciano profondamente con le dinamiche istituzionali e tecnologiche. Attraverso un’analisi tematica di interviste narrative a padri di neonati pretermine ricoverati in TIN con diversi livelli di intensità di cura, lo studio esplora come gli uomini costruiscono e negoziano la propria identità paterna all’interno di contesti di fragilità neonatale e specializzazione clinica. Sono emersi tre temi principali: Navigare la TIN: tra incertezza e impotenza; Relazioni in TIN: tra cura e connessione; Essere padre in TIN: negoziare identità e ruolo attraverso le narrazioni. I padri hanno descritto la TIN come uno spazio liminale, in cui il senso di paternità è segnato da sentimenti di impotenza e distanza emotiva, alternati a momenti di riconoscimento e inclusione. L’analisi mette in luce come la costruzione dell’identità paterna in questi contesti medicalizzati sia plasmata dall’interazione tra contenimento istituzionale, inclusione relazionale e grado di accesso e partecipazione concessi ai padri. Considerati congiuntamente, i due studi offrono prospettive complementari sull’adattamento materno e paterno in contesti perinatali medicalizzati. Integrando evidenze quantitative e qualitative, la tesi propone un modello multidimensionale di benessere genitoriale che include sia vulnerabilità sia resilienza, fondato sull’interazione dinamica tra risorse personali, reti relazionali e contestuali di cura.
Milano, F (2026). Parental Psychological Well-Being in the Perinatal Period: A Multi-Methods Study on Maternal Adjustment and Paternal Experiences. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
Parental Psychological Well-Being in the Perinatal Period: A Multi-Methods Study on Maternal Adjustment and Paternal Experiences
MILANO, FRANCESCA
2026
Abstract
The perinatal period represents a critical developmental window marked by profound psychological, relational, and contextual transformations. During this time, both mothers and fathers engage in complex processes of emotional reorganization, identity negotiation, and adaptation to new caregiving roles. These processes can be further shaped by medicalized contexts, such as Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) and Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs), where technological, institutional, and relational dimensions intersect to influence the experience of becoming a parent. Within this framework, the present doctoral thesis investigates parental psychological well-being through a multi-method approach, integrating quantitative and qualitative perspectives to capture both the structural determinants and the subjective meanings of perinatal adjustment. The first line of research adopts a longitudinal design to examine the trajectories of maternal psychological well-being from late pregnancy to six months after, identifying individual, relational, and contextual predictors of emotional adjustment. Particular attention was devoted to the mode of conception—spontaneous versus ART—as a potential contextual moderator of maternal adaptation. The study assessed general and pregnancy-specific anxiety, depressive mood, loneliness, defensive functioning, and maternal–fetal and postnatal attachment. Overall, mothers reported good adaptation, although a non-negligible subgroup experienced psychological vulnerability during pregnancy and after childbirth. Postpartum data showed an increase in depressive mood, a decrease in anxiety, and stability in loneliness, with ART conception emerging as a specific risk factor for postpartum anxiety. Across groups, psychological and relational factors, such as defense mechanisms, trait anxiety and social support, jointly shaped maternal well-being and attachment across the perinatal transition. The results point to a continuity between prenatal and postnatal functioning, highlighting how the quality of emotional adjustment during pregnancy can anticipate later patterns of adaptation. The second line of research focuses on fathers’ experiences in NICUs, emblematic of highly medicalized perinatal environments where emotional and relational processes are deeply intertwined with institutional and technological dynamics. Through thematic analysis of narrative interviews with fathers of preterm infants hospitalized in NICUs across different levels of care, the study explores how men construct and negotiate their paternal identity within contexts of neonatal fragility and clinical specialization. Three main themes emerged, Navigating the NICU: Between Uncertainty and Powerlessness, Relationships in the NICU: Between Care and Connection, Fatherhood in the NICU: Negotiating Identity and Role Across narratives. Fathers described the NICU as a liminal space where their sense of fatherhood was marked by feelings of helplessness and emotional distance, alternating with moments of recognition and inclusion. The analysis highlights how the construction of paternal identity in these medicalized settings is shaped by the interplay between institutional containment, relational inclusion, and the degree of access and participation afforded to fathers. Taken together, the two studies offer complementary insights into maternal and paternal adaptation in medicalized perinatal contexts. By integrating quantitative and qualitative evidence, the dissertation proposes a multidimensional model of parental well-being that encompasses both vulnerability and resilience, grounded in the dynamic interaction between personal resources, relational networks and contextual frameworks of care. The results advocate for family-centered and developmentally informed models of perinatal care, attentive to the needs and strengths of both mothers and fathers across diverse clinical setting.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Parental Psychological Well-Being in the Perinatal Period: A Multi-Methods Study on Maternal Adjustment and Paternal Experiences
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Doctoral thesis
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