Organic semiconductors have attracted growing attention as active materials for lightweight, flexible, and low-cost electronic devices. Their technological potential strongly depends on the possibility of modulating their electronic properties through molecular doping. However, despite significant progress in p-type systems, achieving stable and efficient n-type doping remains a major challenge, mainly due to the intrinsic environmental instability of the molecules capable of donating electrons. This PhD project focused on the design, synthesis, and characterization of new n-type dopants derived from the dopant precursor N-DMBI, which is a reference compound in organic electronics. Our main goal was to evaluate how slight structural modifications among DMBI derivatives influence their reactivity, charge transfer efficiency, as well as their interaction with the host systems and the long-term stability of the same systems once doped. In the first part of the work, two main synthetic routes were optimized to obtain a wide family of DMBI derivatives through reliable and reproducible procedures. We focused on improving the efficiency and versatility of the synthetic methods, allowing for the preparation of both mono- and bifunctional molecules designed to achieve more controlled interactions with the semiconductor matrix. The optimization involved fine-tuning of reaction conditions, purification steps, and precursor selection to ensure scalability and reproducibility, providing a solid basis for subsequent doping studies. In the second part of the project, the bifunctional dopant MDI-DMBI₂ was characterized according to a comparative approach with the reference N-DMBI and with a monofunctional analogue containing an aromatic substituent, An-DMBI. The latter had been used in previous studies but was investigated here for the first time in the systems adopted in this work. Electrical and thermoelectric measurements, combined with UV–Vis, Raman, AFM, and EPR analyses, provided complementary information on charge transfer, morphology, and the stability of the doped species under ambient conditions. The results showed that even slight variations in the molecular structure of DMBI influence the overall stability of the doped systems. In CNT films, both An-DMBI and MDI-DMBI₂ showed better interaction with the nanotube network compared to N-DMBI and led to greater resistance to air-induced oxidation of the doped film, confirming the effectiveness of a more rigid architecture in this system. However, when applied to N2200, contrary to our expectations, the bifunctional character of MDI-DMBI₂ did not lead to morphological stabilization during thermal annealing, suggesting that the influence of the dopant architecture strongly depends on the system. Overall, this work contributes to a deeper understanding of molecular n-type doping, connecting organic synthesis and materials characterization. The knowledge gained from the exploration of DMBI derivatives provides valuable guidelines for the rational design of next-generation dopants capable of offering higher stability and efficiency in organic and hybrid electronic devices.
I semiconduttori organici hanno attirato una crescente attenzione come materiali attivi per dispositivi elettronici leggeri, flessibili e a basso costo. Il loro potenziale tecnologico dipende fortemente dalla possibilità di modulare le loro proprietà elettroniche attraverso il drogaggio molecolare. Tuttavia, nonostante notevoli progressi nei sistemi di tipo p, ottenere un drogaggio di tipo n stabile ed efficiente rimane una sfida importante, principalmente a causa dell’intrinseca instabilità ambientale delle molecole in grado di donare elettroni. Questo progetto di dottorato si è concentrato sulla progettazione, sintesi e caratterizzazione di nuovi dopanti di tipo n derivati del dopante precursore N-DMBI, il quale è un composto di riferimento nell’elettronica organica. Il nostro obiettivo principale è stato valutare come leggere modifiche strutturali tra i derivati DMBI influenzino la loro reattività, l’efficienza del trasferimento di carica, ma anche l’interazione con i sistemi ospite e la stabilità a lungo termine degli stessi sistemi una volta dopati. Nella prima parte del lavoro, sono state ottimizzate due principali vie sintetiche per ottenere un’ampia famiglia di derivati DMBI attraverso procedure affidabili e riproducibili. Ci siamo concentrati sul miglioramento dell’efficienza e della versatilità dei metodi sintetici, consentendo la preparazione di molecole sia mono- che bifunzionali progettate per ottenere interazioni più controllate con la matrice semiconduttrice. L’ottimizzazione ha comportato la messa a punto delle condizioni di reazione, dei passaggi di purificazione e della selezione dei precursori per garantire scalabilità e riproducibilità, fornendo una base solida per gli studi di drogaggio successivi. Nella seconda parte del progetto, il dopante bifunzionale MDI-DMBI₂ è stato caratterizzato secondo una metodica di confronto con il riferimento N-DMBI e con un analogo monofunzionale contenente un sostituente aromatico, An-DMBI. Quest’ultimo era stato impiegato in studi precedenti ma è stato indagato qui per la prima volta nei sistemi adottati in questo lavoro. Misure elettriche e termoelettriche, combinate con analisi UV–Vis, Raman, AFM ed EPR, hanno fornito informazioni complementari sul trasferimento di carica, la morfologia e la stabilità delle specie drogate in condizioni ambientali. I risultati hanno mostrato che anche leggere variazioni nella struttura molecolare del DMBI influenzano la stabilità complessiva dei sistemi dopati. Nei film di CNT, sia An-DMBI che MDI-DMBI₂ hanno mostrato un’interazione migliore con la rete di nanotubi rispetto a N-DMBI, e hanno determinato una maggiore resistenza all’ossidazione da parte dell’aria del film dopato, confermando l’efficacia di un’architettura più rigida in questo sistema. Tuttavia, quando applicato a N2200, contrariamente alle nostre aspettative, il carattere bifunzionale di MDI-DMBI₂ non ha portato ad una stabilizzazione morfologica durante il trattamento termico, suggerendo che l’influenza dell’architettura del dopante dipende fortemente dal sistema. Complessivamente, questo lavoro contribuisce a una comprensione più approfondita del drogaggio molecolare di tipo n, collegando la sintesi organica e la caratterizzazione dei materiali. Le conoscenze acquisite dall’esplorazione dei derivati DMBI forniscono linee guida preziose per la progettazione razionale di dopanti di nuova generazione in grado di offrire maggiore stabilità ed efficienza nei dispositivi elettronici organici e ibridi.
Paoli, G (2026). Design And Characterization Of Dmbi-Based N-Type Dopants For Organic Semiconductors And Carbon Nanotubes. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
Design And Characterization Of Dmbi-Based N-Type Dopants For Organic Semiconductors And Carbon Nanotubes
PAOLI, GABRIELE
2026
Abstract
Organic semiconductors have attracted growing attention as active materials for lightweight, flexible, and low-cost electronic devices. Their technological potential strongly depends on the possibility of modulating their electronic properties through molecular doping. However, despite significant progress in p-type systems, achieving stable and efficient n-type doping remains a major challenge, mainly due to the intrinsic environmental instability of the molecules capable of donating electrons. This PhD project focused on the design, synthesis, and characterization of new n-type dopants derived from the dopant precursor N-DMBI, which is a reference compound in organic electronics. Our main goal was to evaluate how slight structural modifications among DMBI derivatives influence their reactivity, charge transfer efficiency, as well as their interaction with the host systems and the long-term stability of the same systems once doped. In the first part of the work, two main synthetic routes were optimized to obtain a wide family of DMBI derivatives through reliable and reproducible procedures. We focused on improving the efficiency and versatility of the synthetic methods, allowing for the preparation of both mono- and bifunctional molecules designed to achieve more controlled interactions with the semiconductor matrix. The optimization involved fine-tuning of reaction conditions, purification steps, and precursor selection to ensure scalability and reproducibility, providing a solid basis for subsequent doping studies. In the second part of the project, the bifunctional dopant MDI-DMBI₂ was characterized according to a comparative approach with the reference N-DMBI and with a monofunctional analogue containing an aromatic substituent, An-DMBI. The latter had been used in previous studies but was investigated here for the first time in the systems adopted in this work. Electrical and thermoelectric measurements, combined with UV–Vis, Raman, AFM, and EPR analyses, provided complementary information on charge transfer, morphology, and the stability of the doped species under ambient conditions. The results showed that even slight variations in the molecular structure of DMBI influence the overall stability of the doped systems. In CNT films, both An-DMBI and MDI-DMBI₂ showed better interaction with the nanotube network compared to N-DMBI and led to greater resistance to air-induced oxidation of the doped film, confirming the effectiveness of a more rigid architecture in this system. However, when applied to N2200, contrary to our expectations, the bifunctional character of MDI-DMBI₂ did not lead to morphological stabilization during thermal annealing, suggesting that the influence of the dopant architecture strongly depends on the system. Overall, this work contributes to a deeper understanding of molecular n-type doping, connecting organic synthesis and materials characterization. The knowledge gained from the exploration of DMBI derivatives provides valuable guidelines for the rational design of next-generation dopants capable of offering higher stability and efficiency in organic and hybrid electronic devices.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Paoli Gabriele - 873081
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Doctoral thesis
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