The rapid growth of the global population and technological advances have led to a sustained increase in energy demand. Renewable energy, particularly solar power and integrated photovoltaics (IPV), offers an effective and sustainable solution to meet global electricity needs. The search for low material usage, high-efficiency, flexible devices, and low-cost production continues to drive research in thin film PV technologies. Additionally, tandem solar cells are a key strategy to overcome single-junction efficiency limits, enabling next-generation PV applications. Among emerging materials, kesterite-based solar cells stand out for their use of earth-abundant, non-toxic elements, low-cost fabrication, and compatibility with flexible substrates, making them ideal for IPV. Within this family, Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe), with a bandgap of 1.1 eV, is particularly promising as a bottom-cell absorber for perovskite–kesterite tandems, maximizing efficiency and commercial potential This thesis aims to develop rigid and flexible tandem PV devices using CZTSSe as the bottom cell and perovskite as the top cell. The work involved optimizing solution-based kesterite synthesis, refining deposition and annealing strategies, engineering flexible back contacts, and designing integrated tandem architectures. Initially, reliable solution methods were developed to fabricate high-quality CZTSSe absorbers. Various precursors, solvents, and doping strategies were explored, with alkali doping and Ag-alloying showing notable improvements in grain growth, crystallinity, and charge transport. Blade coating and spin coating were compared, with the latter yielding superior film uniformity. Precise control of selenisation—through increased Se partial pressure, confined ambients, and closed systems—was crucial to achieve complete crystallisation and reduce recombination losses. Flexible substrates were investigated, and Mo foil was identified as the most suitable due to its thermal stability, conductivity, and purity. However, high-temperature reactions produced a thick MoSe2 layer; this was mitigated using interlayers (Mo, MoS2, MoO2, MoO3, Al2O3), with MoO3 proving most effective. This approach enabled flexible CZTSSe devices exceeding 11% efficiency, showing that even thick MoSe2 layers are not detrimental when interfaces are properly engineered. Building on optimised bottom cells, 4-terminal (4T) perovskite/kesterite tandems were fabricated. Semi-transparent perovskite top cells based on Cs0.17FA0.83Pb(I0.90Br0.10)3 (Eg = 1.63 eV) provided optimal spectral matching with Na-doped, Ag-alloyed CZTSSe (Eg = 1.01 eV), yielding efficiencies above 22% on rigid and 20% on flexible substrates. Preliminary 2-terminal (2T) tandems demonstrated feasibility but revealed interfacial challenges requiring further optimisation. To enhance scalability, drop-on-demand inkjet printing of CZTSSe absorbers on flexible substrates was demonstrated for the first time, producing compact and uniform films comparable or superior to spin-coated ones, reducing waste and enabling large-area processing. Additionally, Cd-free ZnSnO (ZTO) was developed as a sustainable buffer layer alternative to CdS. ZTO films deposited by ALD and sputtering exhibited high transparency and tunable bandgap; post-treatments improved conductivity and reduced defects. Devices with ZTO buffers reached ~7% efficiency, confirming the potential of Cd-free kesterite solar cells. In summary, this work advances the understanding and engineering of kesterite-based photovoltaics. It demonstrates that, through absorber design, interface optimisation, and integration with perovskites, kesterite devices can achieve competitive performance on both rigid and flexible substrates. The successful demonstration of efficient 4T tandems, combined with progress in scalable deposition and Cd-free architectures, represents a significant step toward sustainable, high-efficiency, and industrially viable solar technologies.

La rapida crescita della popolazione mondiale e i continui progressi tecnologici hanno determinato un costante aumento della domanda energetica, rendendo urgente l’adozione di fonti rinnovabili. Tra queste, l’energia solare e il fotovoltaico integrato (IPV) rappresentano soluzioni particolarmente efficaci e sostenibili per soddisfare il fabbisogno elettrico globale. In questo contesto, la ricerca nel fotovoltaico a film sottile si concentra sulla riduzione dell’impiego di materiali, sull’incremento dell’efficienza e sullo sviluppo di dispositivi leggeri e flessibili. Parallelamente, le celle solari in configurazione tandem costituiscono una strategia chiave per superare i limiti delle celle a giunzione singola, aprendo la strada a dispositivi più performanti e versatili. Tra i materiali emergenti, le celle a base di kesterite si distinguono per l’uso di elementi abbondanti e non tossici, la fabbricazione a basso costo e la compatibilità con substrati flessibili, ideali per applicazioni IPV. All’interno di questa famiglia, Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ (CZTSSe), con bandgap di circa 1.1 eV, risulta particolarmente promettente come assorbitore di luce in dispositivi tandem. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è lo sviluppo di dispositivi fotovoltaici tandem rigidi e flessibili, impiegando CZTSSe come cella inferiore (bottom cell) e perovskite come cella superiore (top cell). Il lavoro ha riguardato l’ottimizzazione della sintesi in soluzione della kesterite, dei processi di deposizione e annealing, l’ingegnerizzazione del contatto posteriore su substrati flessibili e la progettazione dell’architettura tandem. Tra i substrati flessibili analizzati, il foglio di molibdeno (Mo) è risultato il più idoneo grazie all’elevata stabilità termica, conducibilità e purezza. Queste strategie hanno consentito di ottenere dispositivi rigidi e flessibili a base di CZTSSe con efficienze superiori all’11%. Sono stati dunque realizzati dispositivi in configurazione tandem perovskite/kesterite a quattro terminali (4T), che hanno raggiunto efficienze superiori al 22% su substrati rigidi e al 20% su quelli flessibili. Sono stati inoltre condotti esperimenti preliminari su dispositivi tandem a due terminali (2T), che hanno confermato la fattibilità dell’integrazione ma evidenziato la necessità di ulteriori ottimizzazioni. Per migliorare la scalabilità dei processi, è stata dimostrata per la prima volta la stampa inkjet di assorbitori CZTSSe su substrati flessibili, ottenendo film compatti e omogenei, con prestazioni comparabili o superiori a quelle ottenute tramite spin coating, riducendo gli sprechi e favorendo la produzione su larga area. Inoltre, è stato impiegato l’ossido di zinco e stagno (ZnSnO, ZTO) come buffer layer alternativo al solfuro di cadmio (CdS). I film di ZTO, depositati mediante ALD e sputtering, hanno mostrato elevata trasparenza e bandgap modulabile; i trattamenti post-deposizione ne hanno migliorato la conducibilità e ridotto i difetti. Le celle con ZTO come buffer layer hanno raggiunto efficienze intorno al 7%, confermando la validità dell’approccio. In conclusione, questa tesi contribuisce significativamente all’avanzamento delle tecnologie fotovoltaiche a film sottile, dimostrando che, attraverso l’ottimizzazione dell’assorbitore, delle interfacce e l’integrazione con perovskiti, le celle a base di kesterite possono raggiungere prestazioni competitive su substrati rigidi e flessibili. La realizzazione di dispositivi tandem 4T ad alta efficienza, insieme ai risultati preliminari 2T e ai progressi nei processi scalabili e nelle architetture prive di Cd, rappresenta un passo decisivo verso dispositivi solari sottili, leggeri e sostenibili, in grado di coniugare efficienza, rispetto ambientale e potenziale industriale.

Gobbo, C (2026). Flexible Kesterite Solar Cells for Tandem and Integrated Photovoltaics. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

Flexible Kesterite Solar Cells for Tandem and Integrated Photovoltaics

GOBBO, CARLA
2026

Abstract

The rapid growth of the global population and technological advances have led to a sustained increase in energy demand. Renewable energy, particularly solar power and integrated photovoltaics (IPV), offers an effective and sustainable solution to meet global electricity needs. The search for low material usage, high-efficiency, flexible devices, and low-cost production continues to drive research in thin film PV technologies. Additionally, tandem solar cells are a key strategy to overcome single-junction efficiency limits, enabling next-generation PV applications. Among emerging materials, kesterite-based solar cells stand out for their use of earth-abundant, non-toxic elements, low-cost fabrication, and compatibility with flexible substrates, making them ideal for IPV. Within this family, Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe), with a bandgap of 1.1 eV, is particularly promising as a bottom-cell absorber for perovskite–kesterite tandems, maximizing efficiency and commercial potential This thesis aims to develop rigid and flexible tandem PV devices using CZTSSe as the bottom cell and perovskite as the top cell. The work involved optimizing solution-based kesterite synthesis, refining deposition and annealing strategies, engineering flexible back contacts, and designing integrated tandem architectures. Initially, reliable solution methods were developed to fabricate high-quality CZTSSe absorbers. Various precursors, solvents, and doping strategies were explored, with alkali doping and Ag-alloying showing notable improvements in grain growth, crystallinity, and charge transport. Blade coating and spin coating were compared, with the latter yielding superior film uniformity. Precise control of selenisation—through increased Se partial pressure, confined ambients, and closed systems—was crucial to achieve complete crystallisation and reduce recombination losses. Flexible substrates were investigated, and Mo foil was identified as the most suitable due to its thermal stability, conductivity, and purity. However, high-temperature reactions produced a thick MoSe2 layer; this was mitigated using interlayers (Mo, MoS2, MoO2, MoO3, Al2O3), with MoO3 proving most effective. This approach enabled flexible CZTSSe devices exceeding 11% efficiency, showing that even thick MoSe2 layers are not detrimental when interfaces are properly engineered. Building on optimised bottom cells, 4-terminal (4T) perovskite/kesterite tandems were fabricated. Semi-transparent perovskite top cells based on Cs0.17FA0.83Pb(I0.90Br0.10)3 (Eg = 1.63 eV) provided optimal spectral matching with Na-doped, Ag-alloyed CZTSSe (Eg = 1.01 eV), yielding efficiencies above 22% on rigid and 20% on flexible substrates. Preliminary 2-terminal (2T) tandems demonstrated feasibility but revealed interfacial challenges requiring further optimisation. To enhance scalability, drop-on-demand inkjet printing of CZTSSe absorbers on flexible substrates was demonstrated for the first time, producing compact and uniform films comparable or superior to spin-coated ones, reducing waste and enabling large-area processing. Additionally, Cd-free ZnSnO (ZTO) was developed as a sustainable buffer layer alternative to CdS. ZTO films deposited by ALD and sputtering exhibited high transparency and tunable bandgap; post-treatments improved conductivity and reduced defects. Devices with ZTO buffers reached ~7% efficiency, confirming the potential of Cd-free kesterite solar cells. In summary, this work advances the understanding and engineering of kesterite-based photovoltaics. It demonstrates that, through absorber design, interface optimisation, and integration with perovskites, kesterite devices can achieve competitive performance on both rigid and flexible substrates. The successful demonstration of efficient 4T tandems, combined with progress in scalable deposition and Cd-free architectures, represents a significant step toward sustainable, high-efficiency, and industrially viable solar technologies.
BINETTI, SIMONA OLGA
PO, RICCARDO
Celle Solari; Fotovoltaico; Tandem; Kesterite; FV Integrato
Solar cells; Photovoltaic; Tandem Solar Cells; Kesterite; Integrated PV
English
10-feb-2026
38
2024/2025
embargoed_20280210
Gobbo, C (2026). Flexible Kesterite Solar Cells for Tandem and Integrated Photovoltaics. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/610735
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