This research explores labour supply chains, labour processes and working experiences within the events industry, focusing on workers hired in low-skilled service jobs. Within the broader tourism economy, events function as drivers of urban regeneration and competitiveness. This has attracted attention from several disciplinary fields, particularly urban studies, which have mostly concentrated on the social and spatial effects of mega-events, such as the Olympic Games and World Fairs. However, little attention has been paid to the forms of labour that enable the realisation of events themselves, despite the fact that they generate a considerable amount of employment, often concentrated in peripheral and low-wage segments. Moreover, work in this sector is profoundly shaped by the temporariness and discontinuity of events themselves, which foster the widespread use of non-standard employment, such as short-term or part-time contracts. Additionally, the limited existing literature addressing service work in the events has mainly adopted managerial perspectives, overlooking the job quality and lived experiences of those who carry out event work. To fill these gaps, the research focuses on the Italian city of Milan, a pivotal example of an eventful city, where multiple event-led development strategies have been central to tourism growth and global urban repositioning. The study pursues three main objectives: (1) to identify the actors and mechanisms involved in the supply of both permanent and temporary event workforce through outsourcing; (2) to explore the diversity of workers’ experiences within the sector; and (3) to analyse the specificities of worker-customer interactions and how they restructure the service labour processes. A qualitative research approach was adopted to achieve these aims. Data were collected between January 2024 and February 2025 through 62 semi-structured interviews with workers, intermediaries, union representatives and other local key informants, complemented by focused ethnographic observations conducted during eight events. The findings demonstrate that events in Milan operate as a paradigmatic industry for observing key transformations in contemporary service work, including the increasing ephemeral nature of work, intensification of labour flexibilisation and informalisation practices, assemblage of a cheap and highly replaceable workforce and, finally, «institutionalisation of precarity» as a crucial dimension for reproducing and legitimising a specific model of urban development.

Questa ricerca indaga le catene di fornitura del lavoro, i processi lavorativi e le esperienze dei lavoratori e delle lavoratrici all’interno dell’industria degli eventi, focalizzandosi sulle occupazioni di servizio a bassa qualifica. All’interno del più ampio contesto dell’economia turistica, gli eventi assumono una funzione strategica nei processi di rigenerazione urbana e nella promozione della competitività tra città, stimolando un ampio dibattito in diversi campi disciplinari. Gli studi urbani, in particolare, si sono concentrati sugli effetti sociali e spaziali dei mega eventi, come i Giochi Olimpici e le Esposizioni Universali, trascurando, però, la dimensione del lavoro che li sostiene e li rende possibili. Infatti, il settore genera una quantità significativa di occupazione, spesso collocata in segmenti periferici del mercato del lavoro, contraddistinti da bassi salari, uso di contratti atipici e scarse possibilità di riconoscimento professionale. Inoltre, la limitata letteratura esistente sul lavoro negli eventi ha prevalentemente adottato prospettive manageriali, lasciando in ombra questioni quali la qualità del lavoro e le esperienze soggettive. A partire da queste considerazioni, la ricerca si concentra sulla città di Milano, caso emblematico di eventful city, dove le politiche urbane basate sull’attrazione di grandi eventi hanno assunto un ruolo centrale nelle strategie di sviluppo del turismo urbano e di riposizionamento della città nelle reti globali. Lo studio persegue tre obiettivi principali: (1) identificare gli attori e i meccanismi coinvolti nella fornitura della forza lavoro permanente e temporanea attraverso l’outsourcing; (2) esplorare la diversità delle esperienze e delle traiettorie dei lavoratori e delle lavoratrici all’interno del settore; e (3) analizzare le specificità delle interazioni lavoratore-cliente e come esse ristrutturino i processi lavorativi. Condotta tra gennaio 2024 e febbraio 2025, la ricerca si è avvalsa di un approccio qualitativo basato su 62 interviste realizzate con lavoratori e lavoratrici, intermediari, rappresentanti sindacali e altri osservatori privilegiati e su osservazioni etnografiche in otto eventi. I risultati mostrano come l’industria degli eventi a Milano rappresenti un osservatorio privilegiato delle trasformazioni contemporanee del lavoro nei servizi: l’accentuarsi della natura effimera e immateriale del lavoro, l’intensificazione della flessibilizzazione e delle pratiche di informalizzazione, l’assemblaggio di una forza lavoro a basso costo e altamente sostituibile, fino all’«istituzionalizzazione della precarietà» come dimensione costitutiva del modello di sviluppo urbano milanese.

Mazzaglia, S (2026). Behind the scenes. Unveiling service work in the events industry: A qualitative study in Milan. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

Behind the scenes. Unveiling service work in the events industry: A qualitative study in Milan

MAZZAGLIA, SILVIA
2026

Abstract

This research explores labour supply chains, labour processes and working experiences within the events industry, focusing on workers hired in low-skilled service jobs. Within the broader tourism economy, events function as drivers of urban regeneration and competitiveness. This has attracted attention from several disciplinary fields, particularly urban studies, which have mostly concentrated on the social and spatial effects of mega-events, such as the Olympic Games and World Fairs. However, little attention has been paid to the forms of labour that enable the realisation of events themselves, despite the fact that they generate a considerable amount of employment, often concentrated in peripheral and low-wage segments. Moreover, work in this sector is profoundly shaped by the temporariness and discontinuity of events themselves, which foster the widespread use of non-standard employment, such as short-term or part-time contracts. Additionally, the limited existing literature addressing service work in the events has mainly adopted managerial perspectives, overlooking the job quality and lived experiences of those who carry out event work. To fill these gaps, the research focuses on the Italian city of Milan, a pivotal example of an eventful city, where multiple event-led development strategies have been central to tourism growth and global urban repositioning. The study pursues three main objectives: (1) to identify the actors and mechanisms involved in the supply of both permanent and temporary event workforce through outsourcing; (2) to explore the diversity of workers’ experiences within the sector; and (3) to analyse the specificities of worker-customer interactions and how they restructure the service labour processes. A qualitative research approach was adopted to achieve these aims. Data were collected between January 2024 and February 2025 through 62 semi-structured interviews with workers, intermediaries, union representatives and other local key informants, complemented by focused ethnographic observations conducted during eight events. The findings demonstrate that events in Milan operate as a paradigmatic industry for observing key transformations in contemporary service work, including the increasing ephemeral nature of work, intensification of labour flexibilisation and informalisation practices, assemblage of a cheap and highly replaceable workforce and, finally, «institutionalisation of precarity» as a crucial dimension for reproducing and legitimising a specific model of urban development.
FULLIN, GIOVANNA
Eventi; outsourcing; mobilità lavorativa; processi lavorativi; Milano
Events industry; outsourcing; workers' experiences; labour processes; Milan
Italian
11-feb-2026
38
2024/2025
embargoed_20290211
Mazzaglia, S (2026). Behind the scenes. Unveiling service work in the events industry: A qualitative study in Milan. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
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Descrizione: Behind the Scenes. Unveiling Service Work in the Events Industry: A Qualitative Study
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/610695
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