Understanding how biological systems behave mechanically at the nanoscale is essential to link structure, function, and pathology. This thesis explores the potential of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) as a versatile and quantitative tool to investigate the mechanical properties of living cells and tissues, aiming to bridge nanoscale physics with biomedical relevance. AFM allows the measurement of forces in the pico- to nanoNewton range allowing also imaging with nanometric resolution, pro- viding unique insight into how mechanical properties are reflecting physiological or pathological states. Through the combination of imaging, force spectroscopy, and microrheology, in this thesis, AFM was employed to quantify elasticity, adhesion, and viscoelasticity in a variety of biological samples. These complementary modalities revealed how mechanical cues at the nanoscale can serve as sensitive biomarkers of cellular state and function. Mechanical alterations were measured in both soft connective tissues and hematological cells, highlighting how diseases or pharmacological treatments reshape the underlying biomechanical architecture. A major focus of this work was the development and refinement of advanced AFM protocols designed to overcome traditional experimental limitations in studying soft and not-adherent round cells. The implementation of wedged cantilever and stepwise confinement techniques enabled controlled, uniaxial compression and dynamic monitoring of individual cell mechanics—approaches that significantly im- proved the reproducibility and physiological relevance of AFM-based measurements. These methods allowed the extraction of time-dependent viscoelastic parameters, revealing the active remodeling processes underlying cellular adaptation to mechanical stress. Applying these optimized methods, AFM-based nanomechanical profiling was used to investigate how mechanical parameters correlate with biological phenomena. For instance, in tissues such as the meniscus, AFM detected stiffness gradients and nanoscale heterogeneity associated with extracellular matrix remodeling during degeneration. In hematological malignancies, AFM identified distinct nanomechanical signatures in leukemic cells, sensitive to cytoskeletal-targeting drugs. These results demonstrate that mechanical fingerprints can reflect both disease progression and therapeutic modulation. Altogether, this work positions AFM not merely as a high-resolution imaging tool but as a quantitative biophysical instrument capable of linking nanomechanical signatures to cellular behavior and pathology. By merging physical precision with biological complexity, AFM emerges as a promising candidate for mechanobiological characterization of samples, offering a path toward the integration of mechanical biomarkers into translational research.

Comprendere come i sistemi biologici si comportano meccanicamente su scala nanometrica è fondamentale per collegare la loro struttura, funzione e stato fisiologico. Questa tesi esplora il potenziale della Microscopia a Forza Atomica (Atomic Force Microscopy, AFM) come strumento quantitativo e altamente versatile per studiare le proprietà meccaniche di cellule vive e tessuti, con l’obiettivo di collegare la fisica su scala nanometrica con la rilevanza biomedica. L’AFM consente di misurare forze nell’intervallo dei pico- fino ai nanoNewton e di acquisire immagini con risoluzione nanometrica, offrendo un punto di vista unico su come le proprietà meccaniche riflettano stati fisiologici o patologici. Attraverso la combinazione di imaging, force spectroscopy e microrheology, in questa tesi l’AFM è stato impiegato per quantificare l’elasticità, l’adesione e la viscoelasticità in un’ampia gamma di campioni biologici. Queste modalità complementari hanno mostrato come i segnali meccanici su scala nanometrica possano agire come biomarcatori sensibili dello stato e della funzione cellulare. Alterazioni delle proprietà meccaniche sono state osservate sia in tessuti connettivi molli sia in cellule ematologiche, evidenziando come patologie o trattamenti farmacologici possano rimodellare l’architettura biomeccanica sottostante. Un aspetto centrale di questo lavoro di tesi è stato lo sviluppo e l’ottimizzazione di protocolli AFM avanzati, progettati per superare le limitazioni sperimentali tradizionali nello studio di cellule circolanti. L’introduzione di cantilever wedged e di tecniche di stepwise confinement ha reso possibile applicare una compressione uniassiale controllata e monitorare dinamicamente la risposta meccanica di singole cellule. Tali approcci hanno migliorato significativamente la riproducibilità e la rilevanza fisiologica delle misure AFM. Questi metodi hanno inoltre permesso l’estrazione di parametri viscoelastici time-dependent, rivelando i processi di rimodellamento attivo alla base dell’adattamento cellulare allo stress meccanico. Applicando questi metodi ottimizzati, la profilazione nanomeccanica basata su AFM è stata utilizzata per esplorare la correlazione tra parametri meccanici e stati biologici. In tessuti come il menisco, l’AFM ha rilevato gradienti di rigidità e eterogeneità su scala nanometrica associati al rimodellamento della matrice extracellulare durante i processi degenerativi. Nelle neoplasie ematologiche, l’AFM ha identificato tratti nanomeccanici distintivi nelle cellule leucemiche, anche in presenza di trattamenti farmacologici mirati al citoscheletro. Questi risultati dimostrano che le fingerprints meccaniche possono riflettere sia la progressione della malattia sia la risposta terapeutica. Nel complesso, questa tesi propone l’AFM non solo come uno strumento di imaging ad alta risoluzione, ma come un vero e proprio strumento biofisico quantitativo capace di connettere la nanomeccanica al comportamento cellulare e alla patologia. Unendo la precisione della fisica alla complessità della biologia, l’AFM si afferma come un approccio promettente per la caratterizzazione meccanobiologica di cellule e tessuti, aprendo la strada all’integrazione di biomarcatori meccanici nella ricerca traslazionale.

Campanile, R (2026). Atomic Force Microscopy as a Translational Tool: Quantitative Nanomechanical Profiling of Cells and Biological Tissues.. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

Atomic Force Microscopy as a Translational Tool: Quantitative Nanomechanical Profiling of Cells and Biological Tissues.

CAMPANILE, RICCARDO
2026

Abstract

Understanding how biological systems behave mechanically at the nanoscale is essential to link structure, function, and pathology. This thesis explores the potential of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) as a versatile and quantitative tool to investigate the mechanical properties of living cells and tissues, aiming to bridge nanoscale physics with biomedical relevance. AFM allows the measurement of forces in the pico- to nanoNewton range allowing also imaging with nanometric resolution, pro- viding unique insight into how mechanical properties are reflecting physiological or pathological states. Through the combination of imaging, force spectroscopy, and microrheology, in this thesis, AFM was employed to quantify elasticity, adhesion, and viscoelasticity in a variety of biological samples. These complementary modalities revealed how mechanical cues at the nanoscale can serve as sensitive biomarkers of cellular state and function. Mechanical alterations were measured in both soft connective tissues and hematological cells, highlighting how diseases or pharmacological treatments reshape the underlying biomechanical architecture. A major focus of this work was the development and refinement of advanced AFM protocols designed to overcome traditional experimental limitations in studying soft and not-adherent round cells. The implementation of wedged cantilever and stepwise confinement techniques enabled controlled, uniaxial compression and dynamic monitoring of individual cell mechanics—approaches that significantly im- proved the reproducibility and physiological relevance of AFM-based measurements. These methods allowed the extraction of time-dependent viscoelastic parameters, revealing the active remodeling processes underlying cellular adaptation to mechanical stress. Applying these optimized methods, AFM-based nanomechanical profiling was used to investigate how mechanical parameters correlate with biological phenomena. For instance, in tissues such as the meniscus, AFM detected stiffness gradients and nanoscale heterogeneity associated with extracellular matrix remodeling during degeneration. In hematological malignancies, AFM identified distinct nanomechanical signatures in leukemic cells, sensitive to cytoskeletal-targeting drugs. These results demonstrate that mechanical fingerprints can reflect both disease progression and therapeutic modulation. Altogether, this work positions AFM not merely as a high-resolution imaging tool but as a quantitative biophysical instrument capable of linking nanomechanical signatures to cellular behavior and pathology. By merging physical precision with biological complexity, AFM emerges as a promising candidate for mechanobiological characterization of samples, offering a path toward the integration of mechanical biomarkers into translational research.
MANTEGAZZA, FRANCESCO
AFM; Tumori; Meccanobiologia; Biofisica; Singola Cellula
AFM; Tumor; Mechanobiology; Biophysics; Single Cell
English
13-mar-2026
38
2024/2025
open
Campanile, R (2026). Atomic Force Microscopy as a Translational Tool: Quantitative Nanomechanical Profiling of Cells and Biological Tissues.. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/610682
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