This thesis analyzes the molecular and functional mechanisms underlying arrhythmias in inherited arrhythmogenic diseases, focusing on two paradigmatic conditions: arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy associated with the phospholamban mutation (PLN-R14del) and Long QT Syndrome (LQTS). The first part investigates the pathophysiological mechanisms of the PLN-R14del+/− mutation in a transgenic mouse model, prior to the onset of the cardiac remodeling that characterizes the cardiomyopathy. Contrary to the traditionally accepted hypothesis of SERCA2a “super-inhibition,” the analyses reveal a hyperdynamic intracellular calcium handling pattern, consistent with a reduced inhibition of SERCA2a. Mutant ventricular myocytes exhibit enhanced Ca²⁺ reuptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum and a reduced conductance of the Na⁺/Ca²⁺. These alterations are accompanied by a depression of both oxidative and glycolytic metabolism, a reduction in cellular energy charge during stimulation, and activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress signals, along with impaired communication between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses highlight the predominant involvement of metabolic and cellular stress-response pathways. Overall, the results refute the “super-inhibition” model and indicate that metabolic stress and intracellular Ca²⁺ dysregulation represent early and determinant events in the arrhythmogenic process associated with PLN-R14del cardiomyopathy. The second part of the work focuses on Long QT Syndrome (LQTS), an inherited channelopathy characterized by prolonged cardiac repolarization and a marked predisposition to ventricular arrhythmias. An innovative approach is developed that integrates human induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs), multielectrode array (MEA) electrophysiological recordings, and machine learning–based analytical models. This integrated methodology enables the identification of gene-specific electrophysiological alterations and pharmacological responses, demonstrating that cellular phenotypes accurately reflect the arrhythmogenic propensity of distinct genetic variants. Overall, the thesis provides new mechanistic and translational insights into inherited arrhythmogenic diseases, demonstrating that early disturbances in energy metabolism and calcium homeostasis can trigger arrhythmic phenomena before the appearance of structural remodeling. Moreover, the integration of experimental and computational models emerges as a promising strategy to elucidate gene-specific arrhythmic mechanisms, with potential implications for precision medicine.

La presente tesi analizza i meccanismi molecolari e funzionali alla base delle aritmie nelle malattie aritmogene ereditarie, concentrandosi su due condizioni paradigmatiche: la cardiomiopatia aritmogena associata alla mutazione del fosfolambano (PLN-R14del) e la Sindrome del QT Lungo (LQTS). Nella prima parte si indagano i meccanismi fisiopatologici della mutazione PLN-R14del+/− in un modello murino transgenico, prima che si manifesti il rimodellamento cardiaco conseguente alla cardiomiopatia. Contrariamente all’ipotesi tradizionalmente accettata della “super inibizione” di SERCA2a, le analisi condotte evidenziano una dinamica intracellulare del calcio iperdinamica, compatibile con una ridotta inibizione di SERCA2a. I miociti ventricolari mutanti mostrano un aumentato riassorbimento di Ca²⁺ nel reticolo sarcoplasmatico e una riduzione della conduttanza dello scambiatore Na⁺/Ca²⁺. Tali alterazioni si accompagnano a una depressione del metabolismo ossidativo e glicolitico, a una riduzione della carica energetica durante la stimolazione e a segnali di stress del reticolo endoplasmatico, insieme a una compromissione della comunicazione tra reticolo sarcoplasmatico e mitocondri. Le analisi trascrittomiche e proteiche mettono in evidenza il coinvolgimento predominante delle vie metaboliche e di risposta allo stress cellulare. Nel complesso, i risultati ottenuti confutano il modello della “super inibizione” e indicano che lo stress metabolico e la disfunzione del Ca²⁺ intracellulare rappresentano eventi precoci e determinanti nell’aritmogenesi associata alla cardiomiopatia PLN-R14del. La seconda parte del lavoro si dedica alla Sindrome del QT Lungo (LQTS), una canalopatia ereditaria caratterizzata dal prolungamento della ripolarizzazione cardiaca e da una marcata predisposizione alle aritmie ventricolari. Si sviluppa un approccio innovativo che integra cardiomiociti derivati da cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte (hiPSC-CMs), registrazioni elettrofisiologiche con multielectrode array (MEA) e analisi basate su algoritmi di machine learning. Tale metodologia consente di identificare alterazioni elettrofisiologiche e risposte farmacologiche specifiche per gene, dimostrando come i fenotipi cellulari riflettano in modo accurato la propensione aritmogena di differenti varianti genetiche. Complessivamente, la tesi fornisce nuove evidenze meccanicistiche e traslazionali sulle malattie aritmogene ereditarie, dimostrando che alterazioni precoci del metabolismo energetico e dell’omeostasi del calcio possono innescare fenomeni aritmici prima della comparsa del rimodellamento strutturale. Inoltre, l’integrazione tra modelli sperimentali e computazionali emerge come un approccio promettente per approfondire i meccanismi aritmici specifici di ciascun gene, con potenziali ricadute nella medicina di precisione.

Eskandr, M (2026). Molecular and functional determinants of arrhythmias in genetic heart diseases: from PLN-R14del cardiomyopathy to Long QT Syndrome. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

Molecular and functional determinants of arrhythmias in genetic heart diseases: from PLN-R14del cardiomyopathy to Long QT Syndrome

ESKANDR, MAREM
2026

Abstract

This thesis analyzes the molecular and functional mechanisms underlying arrhythmias in inherited arrhythmogenic diseases, focusing on two paradigmatic conditions: arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy associated with the phospholamban mutation (PLN-R14del) and Long QT Syndrome (LQTS). The first part investigates the pathophysiological mechanisms of the PLN-R14del+/− mutation in a transgenic mouse model, prior to the onset of the cardiac remodeling that characterizes the cardiomyopathy. Contrary to the traditionally accepted hypothesis of SERCA2a “super-inhibition,” the analyses reveal a hyperdynamic intracellular calcium handling pattern, consistent with a reduced inhibition of SERCA2a. Mutant ventricular myocytes exhibit enhanced Ca²⁺ reuptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum and a reduced conductance of the Na⁺/Ca²⁺. These alterations are accompanied by a depression of both oxidative and glycolytic metabolism, a reduction in cellular energy charge during stimulation, and activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress signals, along with impaired communication between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses highlight the predominant involvement of metabolic and cellular stress-response pathways. Overall, the results refute the “super-inhibition” model and indicate that metabolic stress and intracellular Ca²⁺ dysregulation represent early and determinant events in the arrhythmogenic process associated with PLN-R14del cardiomyopathy. The second part of the work focuses on Long QT Syndrome (LQTS), an inherited channelopathy characterized by prolonged cardiac repolarization and a marked predisposition to ventricular arrhythmias. An innovative approach is developed that integrates human induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs), multielectrode array (MEA) electrophysiological recordings, and machine learning–based analytical models. This integrated methodology enables the identification of gene-specific electrophysiological alterations and pharmacological responses, demonstrating that cellular phenotypes accurately reflect the arrhythmogenic propensity of distinct genetic variants. Overall, the thesis provides new mechanistic and translational insights into inherited arrhythmogenic diseases, demonstrating that early disturbances in energy metabolism and calcium homeostasis can trigger arrhythmic phenomena before the appearance of structural remodeling. Moreover, the integration of experimental and computational models emerges as a promising strategy to elucidate gene-specific arrhythmic mechanisms, with potential implications for precision medicine.
ZAZA, ANTONIO
aritmie; cardiomiopatia; sindrome QT Lungo; metabolismo; valutazione rischio
arrhythmias; cardiomyopathy; Long-QT Syndromes; energy metabolism; risk assessment
English
16-feb-2026
38
2024/2025
open
Eskandr, M (2026). Molecular and functional determinants of arrhythmias in genetic heart diseases: from PLN-R14del cardiomyopathy to Long QT Syndrome. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
File in questo prodotto:
File Dimensione Formato  
phd_unimib_810685.pdf

accesso aperto

Descrizione: Molecular and functional determinants of arrhythmias in genetic heart diseases: PLN-R14del cardiomyopathy and Long QT Syndrome
Tipologia di allegato: Doctoral thesis
Dimensione 10.98 MB
Formato Adobe PDF
10.98 MB Adobe PDF Visualizza/Apri

I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/610681
Citazioni
  • Scopus ND
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? ND
Social impact