This dissertation investigates whether the long history of anti-Hazara violence in Afghanistan can be historically interpreted as genocidal. While the legal qualification of genocide lies with jurists and relevant international bodies, such determinations depend on the historical reconstruction of patterns of intent, motivation, and systematic harm. The central contribution of this work, therefore, is to provide a rigorous empirical foundation for future legal and political assessments. The research demonstrates that, across modern Afghan history, Hazaras have repeatedly faced persecution grounded in ethnic, sectarian, and racialised logics of exclusion. Through the analysis of archival documentation, scholarly literature, and a substantial body of oral testimonies collected among the Hazara diaspora, three major phases emerge in which genocidal intent was explicitly articulated and implemented: the campaign of Abdur Rahman Khan in the 1890s, which entailed mass killings, enslavement, and territorial dispossession; the first Taliban regime in the 1990s, characterised by sectarian massacres and the use of dehumanising propaganda; and the period from approximately 2010 to the present, during which targeted attacks against Hazara civilians have persisted in the absence of a formally declared war, pointing to an ongoing strategy of destruction and terror. Methodologically, the thesis adopts an ethnohistorical approach, combining historical analysis with qualitative research grounded in lived experiences and memory. This framework allows for a simultaneous examination of state policies, ideological narratives, and the voices of those subjected to violence, acknowledging the ethical responsibility of studying a community that continues to experience persecution. Reflexivity plays a crucial role in this process, as the researcher’s proximity to the field and the traumatic nature of the testimonies require constant negotiation of positionality, representation, and care. Two additional findings contribute to the scholarly debate. First, the dissertation argues that the marginalisation of Hazaras can be understood through a lens of coloniality: territorial expropriation, the imposition of dominant cultural norms, and the construction of a hierarchical social order reflect mechanisms commonly associated with colonial domination. Second, the persistent silence surrounding anti-Hazara violence, both in international media and in parts of the academic literature, has impeded recognition and accountability. This silence is the product of structural factors, such as the complexity of Afghanistan’s multiethnic context, but also of selective omissions that have portrayed genocidal campaigns as mere by-products of civil war. By documenting the systematic and intentional nature of this violence, the thesis seeks not to replace legal judgment, but to strengthen the historical record on which such judgment must rely. Establishing a clearer understanding of the long-term persecution of Hazaras is an essential condition for any future process of transitional justice, truth recovery, and equitable peacebuilding in Afghanistan.

Questa tesi indaga se la lunga storia di violenze anti-Hazara in Afghanistan possa essere storicamente interpretata come genocidaria. Pur riconoscendo che la qualificazione giuridica del genocidio spetti ai giuristi e alle istituzioni competenti, tale valutazione si fonda sulla ricostruzione storica di intenti, motivazioni e forme sistematiche di persecuzione. Il principale contributo di questo lavoro è quindi offrire una solida base empirica e documentale per futuri approfondimenti giuridici e politici. La ricerca dimostra che, nella storia contemporanea afghana, gli Hazara sono stati ripetutamente oggetto di persecuzioni fondate su logiche etniche, settarie e razzializzanti. Attraverso l’analisi di documentazione archivistica, della letteratura scientifica e di un ampio corpus di testimonianze orali raccolte nella diaspora hazara, emergono tre fasi principali in cui intenti genocidari sono stati espressi e messi in pratica: la campagna di Abdur Rahman Khan negli anni 1890, caratterizzata da massacri, schiavizzazione e spoliazione territoriale; il primo regime talebano negli anni Novanta, segnato da stragi settarie e propaganda disumanizzante; e il periodo dal 2010 a oggi, in cui gli attacchi mirati contro civili hazara sono proseguiti in assenza di guerra dichiarata, indicando una strategia di annientamento e terrore tuttora in corso. Dal punto di vista metodologico, la tesi adotta un approccio etnostorico, combinando analisi storica e ricerca qualitativa basata sulle esperienze vissute e sulla memoria. Tale cornice consente di esaminare simultaneamente politiche statali, narrazioni ideologiche e voci delle vittime, riconoscendo la responsabilità etica implicita nello studio di una comunità che continua a subire persecuzione. La riflessività del ricercatore ha un ruolo cruciale, poiché la prossimità al campo e la natura traumatica delle testimonianze richiedono una costante negoziazione di posizionamento, rappresentazione e cura. Due ulteriori risultati contribuiscono al dibattito scientifico. In primo luogo, la tesi interpreta la marginalizzazione hazara attraverso la lente della colonialità: l’espropriazione delle terre, l’imposizione di norme culturali dominanti e la costruzione di un ordine sociale gerarchizzato riflettono meccanismi tipici della dominazione coloniale. In secondo luogo, il persistente silenzio intorno alle violenze anti-Hazara, tanto nei media internazionali quanto in parte della letteratura accademica, ha ostacolato riconoscimento e responsabilità. Tale silenzio deriva da fattori strutturali, come la complessità del mosaico etnico afghano, ma anche da omissioni selettive che hanno ridotto campagne genocidarie a semplici episodi di guerra civile. Documentando la natura sistematica e intenzionale di queste violenze, la tesi non intende sostituirsi al giudizio giuridico, ma rafforzare il quadro storico su cui esso deve poggiare. Una più chiara comprensione della persecuzione di lunga durata contro gli Hazara rappresenta una condizione necessaria per futuri percorsi di giustizia transizionale, ricerca della verità e costruzione di una pace equa e sostenibile in Afghanistan.

Concas, C (2026). Ethnoregional Tensions, Social Exclusion, and Political Marginalization – The Case of Hazara Persecution in Afghanistan. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

Ethnoregional Tensions, Social Exclusion, and Political Marginalization – The Case of Hazara Persecution in Afghanistan

CONCAS, CLAUDIO
2026

Abstract

This dissertation investigates whether the long history of anti-Hazara violence in Afghanistan can be historically interpreted as genocidal. While the legal qualification of genocide lies with jurists and relevant international bodies, such determinations depend on the historical reconstruction of patterns of intent, motivation, and systematic harm. The central contribution of this work, therefore, is to provide a rigorous empirical foundation for future legal and political assessments. The research demonstrates that, across modern Afghan history, Hazaras have repeatedly faced persecution grounded in ethnic, sectarian, and racialised logics of exclusion. Through the analysis of archival documentation, scholarly literature, and a substantial body of oral testimonies collected among the Hazara diaspora, three major phases emerge in which genocidal intent was explicitly articulated and implemented: the campaign of Abdur Rahman Khan in the 1890s, which entailed mass killings, enslavement, and territorial dispossession; the first Taliban regime in the 1990s, characterised by sectarian massacres and the use of dehumanising propaganda; and the period from approximately 2010 to the present, during which targeted attacks against Hazara civilians have persisted in the absence of a formally declared war, pointing to an ongoing strategy of destruction and terror. Methodologically, the thesis adopts an ethnohistorical approach, combining historical analysis with qualitative research grounded in lived experiences and memory. This framework allows for a simultaneous examination of state policies, ideological narratives, and the voices of those subjected to violence, acknowledging the ethical responsibility of studying a community that continues to experience persecution. Reflexivity plays a crucial role in this process, as the researcher’s proximity to the field and the traumatic nature of the testimonies require constant negotiation of positionality, representation, and care. Two additional findings contribute to the scholarly debate. First, the dissertation argues that the marginalisation of Hazaras can be understood through a lens of coloniality: territorial expropriation, the imposition of dominant cultural norms, and the construction of a hierarchical social order reflect mechanisms commonly associated with colonial domination. Second, the persistent silence surrounding anti-Hazara violence, both in international media and in parts of the academic literature, has impeded recognition and accountability. This silence is the product of structural factors, such as the complexity of Afghanistan’s multiethnic context, but also of selective omissions that have portrayed genocidal campaigns as mere by-products of civil war. By documenting the systematic and intentional nature of this violence, the thesis seeks not to replace legal judgment, but to strengthen the historical record on which such judgment must rely. Establishing a clearer understanding of the long-term persecution of Hazaras is an essential condition for any future process of transitional justice, truth recovery, and equitable peacebuilding in Afghanistan.
SACCOMAN, ANDREA
VERONESE, GUIDO
Hazara; Discriminazione; Genocidio; Afghanistan; Etnostoria
Hazara; Discrimination; Genocide; Afghanistan; Ethnohistory
English
10-mar-2026
38
2024/2025
embargoed_20290310
Concas, C (2026). Ethnoregional Tensions, Social Exclusion, and Political Marginalization – The Case of Hazara Persecution in Afghanistan. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
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Descrizione: Ethnoregional Tensions, Social Exclusion, and Political Marginalization – The Case of Hazara Persecution in Afghanistan
Tipologia di allegato: Doctoral thesis
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/610661
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