Photochromism is the reversible transformation of a molecular entity between forms with different absorption spectra, induced by electromagnetic radiation. This study aimed to synthesize new heliochromic T-type photochromic compounds (PC) for the development of innovative materials. PCs exhibit high coloration, fast switching, and high fatigue resistance under UV radiation. All targets were designed for covalent integration, with syntheses optimized for reproducibility and industrial scalability. The distinct photochromic properties that change upon UV irradiation, leveraged to develop three new materials, were: color change (linked to changes in absorption spectra), refractive index (RI), and polarity change. The first material was a new photochromic cosmetic raw material. The cosmetic industry constantly seeks innovative, sustainable ingredients, and photochromism offers dynamic properties that enable the creation of new and unexpected features in formulations. We developed and patented a polyester-based photochromic material that switches from transparent to colored under UV light. Based on a patent describing a blue spiropyran linked to a silicon polymer, we replaced the silicon substrate and designed fast-switching PCs. Three targets—a blue spirooxazine and red and yellow naphthopyrans—were covalently linked to polyester via transesterification, covering the CYMK color system and preventing skin absorption. Switching and stability tests confirmed the polymer matrix photoconversion ability and the high fatigue resistance, even when mixed with cosmetic oils and powders. Despite minor chain cleavage during transesterification and some improvements in PCs' photostability, these results represent a sustainable route to integrate PCs into cosmetics, laying the groundwork for innovations that can transform the cosmetics industry. To enhance the RI contrast for photonic pigment development, we designed a bottlebrush block copolymer (BBCP) doped with a naphtopyran. BBCPs are promising sustainable photonic pigments, but their low RI contrast between the polymeric domains results in weak structural coloration. By leveraging changes in RI and absorption upon UV irradiation in PCs, we can increase RI in accordance with the Kramers-Kronig relation. The composition/structure and optical property responses study revealed a correlation between the dye content and reflectance: the higher the naphthopyran content, the higher the structural color intensity. Additionally, photochromism provides UV-responsive features without altering structural color. These systems offer an innovative and eco-friendly approach to creating photonic pigments with vibrant structural color, suitable for cosmetic applications, as alternatives to traditional glitters, or tunable optical materials in coatings or anticounterfeiting technologies. Finally, we developed a new photochromic surfactant for micellar catalysis, based on the polarity change upon UV light. The PC was inserted at the lipophilic/hydrophilic surfactant interface, a site known to affect selectivity during micellar reactions. Upon irradiation, the molecule reversibly switches between low- and high-polarity forms, modulating the interfacial dipole and the Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance, enhancing reaction selectivity. After studying micelle formation in water, the surfactant was tested in two Suzuki-Miyaura micellar reactions, yielding promising results and providing a strong foundation for future investigations. DFT simulations confirmed that positioning a polar site at the interface can drive selectivity in micellar catalysis. In conclusion, this work demonstrated the potential of T-type PC to convert light into functional responses in designed materials. These results open new perspectives for developing smart, sustainable, and advanced systems applicable to both reactive and non-reactive formulations, aligned with modern technological and environmental challenges.

La trasformazione reversibile di una molecola tra forme aventi spettri di assorbimento diversi, indotta da radiazione elettromagnetica, è nota come fotocromismo. Questo lavoro mira alla sintesi di nuovi composti fotocromatici (CF) eliocromici di tipo T, integrati in materiali innovativi. Tali CF presentano, sotto luce UV, una rapida risposta, un'alta colorazione e resistenza alla fatica. Tutti i target sono stati progettati per l'integrazione covalente, con sintesi ottimizzate, riproducibili e scalabili. Le principali proprietà legate alla luce sfruttate nei materiali sviluppati sono: la variazione di colore, di indice di rifrazione e di polarità. Il fotocromismo offre proprietà dinamiche e inaspettate in grado di soddisfare la crescente richiesta dell'industria cosmetica di sviluppare ingredienti innovativi e sostenibili. A tal fine, è stato sviluppato e brevettato un poliestere cosmetico in grado di passare da trasparente a colorato quando irraggiato da luce UV. Partendo da un brevetto relativo ad uno spiropirano legato a un silicone, sono stati legati covalentemente mediante transesterificazione ad un poliestere tre target – una spirooxazina blu e naftopirani rossi e gialli – creando un sistema di colori CYMK e prevenendo l'assorbimento cutaneo. I test di stabilità hanno confermato la capacità della matrice polimerica di fotoconvertire e di mantenere un'elevata resistenza alla fatica, anche quando miscelata con oli e polveri cosmetici. Nonostante possano verificarsi rotture di catena durante la transesterificazione e siano necessari miglioramenti nella fotostabilità di alcuni CF, i risultati rappresentano un approccio sostenibile e innovativo all'integrazione dei CF, in grado di trasformare l'industria cosmetica. Nello sviluppo di pigmenti fotonici, per aumentare il contrasto dell'indice di rifrazione, è stato progettato un copolimero a blocchi bottlebrush (BBCP) dopato con un naftopirano. Sebbene i BBCP siano promettenti pigmenti fotonici sostenibili, presentano un basso contrasto nell’indice di rifrazione tra i domini polimerici, con conseguente debolezza del colore strutturale. Sfruttando le variazioni dell'indice di rifrazione e dell'assorbimento in risposta alla luce UV nei naftopirani, possiamo aumentare il contrasto dell'indice di rifrazione secondo la relazione di Kramers-Kronig. Lo studio delle proprietà ottiche ha rivelato una correlazione diretta tra il contenuto di CF e la riflettanza: maggiore è il contenuto di naftopirano, più intenso è il colore strutturale. Inoltre, il fotocromismo conferisce ulteriori caratteristiche in risposta ai raggi UV, senza alterare il colore strutturale stesso. Questi sistemi offrono un approccio innovativo ed ecologico per la produzione di pigmenti fotonici, con possibile impiego in cosmetica, come alternative ai glitter, come rivestimenti o in tecnologie anticontraffazione. Infine, è stato sviluppato un nuovo surfattante fotocromico per catalisi micellare, basato sulla variazione di polarità indotta dalla luce UV. Il CF è stato inserito all'interfaccia lipofila/idrofila del tensioattivo, sito noto per influenzare la selettività delle reazioni micellari. Dopo la fotoisomerizzazione, il CF passa da una forma a bassa polarità a una ad alta polarità, variando il dipolo interfacciale e modulando la selettività della reazione. Dopo aver studiato la formazione di micelle in acqua, il tensioattivo è stato testato in due reazioni di Suzuki-Miyaura, ottenendo risultati preliminari promettenti. Le simulazioni DFT hanno ulteriormente confermato che un sito polare all'interfaccia può orientare la selettività nella catalisi micellare. In conclusione, questo lavoro ha dimostrato il potenziale dei CF nel convertire la luce in risposte funzionali. Essi consentono la progettazione di materiali avanzati, aprendo nuove prospettive per lo sviluppo di sistemi innovativi per formulazioni reattive e non reattive, in linea con le odierne sfide tecnologiche e ambientali.

Incarbone, E (2026). Photochromic Materials for Reactive and Non-Reactive Formulations: Synthesis, Development, and Applications. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

Photochromic Materials for Reactive and Non-Reactive Formulations: Synthesis, Development, and Applications

INCARBONE, ELENA AURORA
2026

Abstract

Photochromism is the reversible transformation of a molecular entity between forms with different absorption spectra, induced by electromagnetic radiation. This study aimed to synthesize new heliochromic T-type photochromic compounds (PC) for the development of innovative materials. PCs exhibit high coloration, fast switching, and high fatigue resistance under UV radiation. All targets were designed for covalent integration, with syntheses optimized for reproducibility and industrial scalability. The distinct photochromic properties that change upon UV irradiation, leveraged to develop three new materials, were: color change (linked to changes in absorption spectra), refractive index (RI), and polarity change. The first material was a new photochromic cosmetic raw material. The cosmetic industry constantly seeks innovative, sustainable ingredients, and photochromism offers dynamic properties that enable the creation of new and unexpected features in formulations. We developed and patented a polyester-based photochromic material that switches from transparent to colored under UV light. Based on a patent describing a blue spiropyran linked to a silicon polymer, we replaced the silicon substrate and designed fast-switching PCs. Three targets—a blue spirooxazine and red and yellow naphthopyrans—were covalently linked to polyester via transesterification, covering the CYMK color system and preventing skin absorption. Switching and stability tests confirmed the polymer matrix photoconversion ability and the high fatigue resistance, even when mixed with cosmetic oils and powders. Despite minor chain cleavage during transesterification and some improvements in PCs' photostability, these results represent a sustainable route to integrate PCs into cosmetics, laying the groundwork for innovations that can transform the cosmetics industry. To enhance the RI contrast for photonic pigment development, we designed a bottlebrush block copolymer (BBCP) doped with a naphtopyran. BBCPs are promising sustainable photonic pigments, but their low RI contrast between the polymeric domains results in weak structural coloration. By leveraging changes in RI and absorption upon UV irradiation in PCs, we can increase RI in accordance with the Kramers-Kronig relation. The composition/structure and optical property responses study revealed a correlation between the dye content and reflectance: the higher the naphthopyran content, the higher the structural color intensity. Additionally, photochromism provides UV-responsive features without altering structural color. These systems offer an innovative and eco-friendly approach to creating photonic pigments with vibrant structural color, suitable for cosmetic applications, as alternatives to traditional glitters, or tunable optical materials in coatings or anticounterfeiting technologies. Finally, we developed a new photochromic surfactant for micellar catalysis, based on the polarity change upon UV light. The PC was inserted at the lipophilic/hydrophilic surfactant interface, a site known to affect selectivity during micellar reactions. Upon irradiation, the molecule reversibly switches between low- and high-polarity forms, modulating the interfacial dipole and the Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance, enhancing reaction selectivity. After studying micelle formation in water, the surfactant was tested in two Suzuki-Miyaura micellar reactions, yielding promising results and providing a strong foundation for future investigations. DFT simulations confirmed that positioning a polar site at the interface can drive selectivity in micellar catalysis. In conclusion, this work demonstrated the potential of T-type PC to convert light into functional responses in designed materials. These results open new perspectives for developing smart, sustainable, and advanced systems applicable to both reactive and non-reactive formulations, aligned with modern technological and environmental challenges.
BEVERINA, LUCA
Fotocromismo; Materiali Funzionali; Cosmetica; Pigmenti Fotonici; Catalisi Micellare
Photochromism; Functional Materials; Cosmetic Formulation; Photonic Pigments; Micellar Catalysis
English
24-feb-2026
38
2024/2025
embargoed_20290224
Incarbone, E (2026). Photochromic Materials for Reactive and Non-Reactive Formulations: Synthesis, Development, and Applications. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/610651
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