Chronic pain, such as chronic head pain, represents one of the most disabling neurological and psychosocial conditions worldwide. Beyond a sensory disorder, chronic pain exemplifies a systemic dysregulation spanning neural, affective, and cognitive domains. Neuroimaging evidence demonstrates maladaptive plasticity and altered cortical connectivity, producing persistent central sensitisation and hyperresponsivity to innocuous stimuli (allodynia). Psychologically, anxiety, depression, and catastrophising contribute to hypervigilance and impaired emotional regulation. This thesis empirically tested an integrative model of pain grounded in cognitive science, embodied cognition, and the biopsychosocial paradigm. Pain is here theorised as a process of dysregulated sense-making, reflecting a breakdown in the integration of interoceptive, affective, and cognitive systems. The project investigated how anticipatory anxiety, affective touch, sensory hypersensitivity, and mindfulness-based regulation interact to shape pain perception and adaptation. Four empirical studies were conducted with healthy participants and patients with chronic pain, primarily chronic migraine, combining psychophysiological, behavioural, self-report, and digital methodologies. Study 1 (Chapter 2) examined autonomic reactivity (skin conductance response) to pain anticipation of painful stimuli in normal and transient states of anxiety induced by the Straw Breathing Task. Forced respiration effectively induced subjective anxiety without parallel autonomic activation, revealing a cognitive–affective and autonomic dissociation. Study 2 (Chapter 3) investigated the relationship between affective touch and pain perception, examining both direct and vicarious effects. Chronic migraine patients and healthy participants retained hedonic sensitivity to affective touch, indicating its strength and potential therapeutic role. Conversely, patients exhibited reduced empathy for others’ pain, possibly reflecting an avoidance response to external suffering. Overall, pain and affective touch appear as distinct and only weakly related phenomena. Study 3 (Chapter 4) conceptualised cutaneous allodynia as a dimensional construct operating on a continuum of pain perception and as a potential marker of the transition from latent to overt pain conditions. Psychometric and network analyses revealed that in chronic pain, the embodied system may shift from adaptive flexibility to rigid hypervigilance, increasing pain attention, allodynia-like responses, and emotional distress. Depressive affect emerged as a central node linking pain and emotion, supporting a dimensional model of sensitisation. Study 4 (Chapter 5) translated these findings into practice through the digital mindfulness intervention (BBMIND), which is addressed to individuals suffering from head pain, aiming to improve the management of chronic pain conditions. Despite common barriers to digital engagement, participants reported high usability and modest adherence to the program. The intervention enhanced some mindfulness skills and reduced headache frequency, supporting the feasibility of digital mindfulness as a complementary tool in the management of chronic pain. In conclusion, pain perception emerges as a dynamic, embodied process integrating physiological, emotional, and cognitive dimensions. Affective dysregulation and attentional bias (hypervigilance) appear central to sustaining chronic pain, whereas hedonic perception retains a protective function. Mindfulness-based regulation offers a pathway to restore balance and promote adaptive neuro-affective integration.
Il dolore cronico, come la cefalgia cronica, rappresenta una delle condizioni neurologiche e psicosociali più invalidanti a livello globale. Oltre alla dimensione sensoriale, il dolore cronico costituisce un modello paradigmatico di disregolazione sistemica che coinvolge i domini neurobiologico, affettivo e cognitivo. Le evidenze di neuroimaging documentano fenomeni di plasticità maladattiva e alterazioni della connettività tra sistemi corticali, di sensibilizzazione centrale persistente e iperattivazione verso stimoli innocui (allodinia). Ansia, depressione e catastrofismo favoriscono stati di ipervigilanza e una ridotta capacità di regolazione emotiva e di adattamento all’esperienza dolorifica. In una prospettiva biopsicosociale e incarnata, il dolore cronico è concettualizzato come un processo maladattivo di senso, espressione di una frattura nell’integrazione tra sistemi neurobiologici, affettivi e cognitivi. Il presente progetto di tesi ha testato empiricamente un modello integrativo del dolore fondato sulle scienze cognitive, sulla cognizione incarnata e sul paradigma biopsicosociale, indagando l’interazione tra ansia anticipatoria, tocco affettivo, ipersensibilità sensoriale e l’attitudine mindfulness nella percezione e nell’adattamento al dolore cronico. Sono stati condotti quattro studi su partecipanti sani e pazienti con dolore cronico, principalmente con emicrania cronica, attraverso metodologie psicofisiologiche, comportamentali, soggettive e digitali. Lo Studio 1 (Capitolo 2) ha esaminato la risposta autonomica di conduttanza cutanea durante l’anticipazione di stimoli dolorosi in condizioni normali e in stati transitori di ansia indotti dallo Straw Breathing Task. La respirazione forzata ha incrementato l’ansia soggettiva senza corrispondente attivazione fisiologica, rivelando una dissociazione cognitivo–affettiva. Lo Studio 2 (Capitolo 3) ha analizzato l’interazione tra la percezione del tocco affettivo e del dolore, in forma diretta e vicaria, nella popolazione sana e in pazienti emicranici. Si è mantenuta la sensibilità edonica al tocco affettivo, a indicare la sua forza e il suo potenziale terapeutico. Tuttavia, i pazienti hanno mostrato ridotta empatia per il dolore altrui, forse per meccanismi di evitamento. Complessivamente, il dolore e il tocco effettivo appaiono come fenomeni distinti e poco correlati tra loro. Lo Studio 3 (Capitolo 4) ha concettualizzato l’allodinia cutanea come costrutto dimensionale operante su un continuum della percezione dolorifica e potenziale indicatore di transizione verso forme croniche conclamate. Le analisi psicometriche e di rete hanno evidenziato nel dolore cronico un passaggio da configurazioni adattive a stati rigidi e ipervigili, caratterizzati da maggiore attenzione selettiva al dolore, risposte simil-allodiniche e distress emotivo. Il dominio affettivo-depressivo è emerso come nodo centrale tra dolore ed emozione, a sostegno di un modello dimensionale della sensibilizzazione. Lo Studio 4 (Capitolo 5) ha applicato tali evidenze a un intervento digitale di mindfulness (BBMIND) rivolto a soggetti con cefalgia cronica. Nonostante le consuete difficoltà di adesione digitale, i partecipanti hanno riportato alta usabilità e moderata costanza. L’intervento ha migliorato alcune competenze di mindfulness e ridotto la frequenza cefalalgica, confermandone la fattibilità come strumento complementare di regolazione del dolore. In conclusione, la percezione del dolore emerge come un processo dinamico e incarnato, in cui le dimensioni fisiologiche, emotive e cognitive interagiscono costantemente. La disregolazione affettiva e i bias attentivi, come l’ipervigilanza al dolore, appaiono centrali nel mantenimento della cronicità, mentre la percezione edonica mostra un potenziale ruolo protettivo. La mindfulness si conferma uno strumento integrativo capace di ristabilire un equilibrio adattivo e di potenziare le risorse di autoregolazione.
Frigione, I (2026). Behavioural and psychophysiological facets of pain perception in healthy and chronic pain populations. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
Behavioural and psychophysiological facets of pain perception in healthy and chronic pain populations
FRIGIONE, IVANA
2026
Abstract
Chronic pain, such as chronic head pain, represents one of the most disabling neurological and psychosocial conditions worldwide. Beyond a sensory disorder, chronic pain exemplifies a systemic dysregulation spanning neural, affective, and cognitive domains. Neuroimaging evidence demonstrates maladaptive plasticity and altered cortical connectivity, producing persistent central sensitisation and hyperresponsivity to innocuous stimuli (allodynia). Psychologically, anxiety, depression, and catastrophising contribute to hypervigilance and impaired emotional regulation. This thesis empirically tested an integrative model of pain grounded in cognitive science, embodied cognition, and the biopsychosocial paradigm. Pain is here theorised as a process of dysregulated sense-making, reflecting a breakdown in the integration of interoceptive, affective, and cognitive systems. The project investigated how anticipatory anxiety, affective touch, sensory hypersensitivity, and mindfulness-based regulation interact to shape pain perception and adaptation. Four empirical studies were conducted with healthy participants and patients with chronic pain, primarily chronic migraine, combining psychophysiological, behavioural, self-report, and digital methodologies. Study 1 (Chapter 2) examined autonomic reactivity (skin conductance response) to pain anticipation of painful stimuli in normal and transient states of anxiety induced by the Straw Breathing Task. Forced respiration effectively induced subjective anxiety without parallel autonomic activation, revealing a cognitive–affective and autonomic dissociation. Study 2 (Chapter 3) investigated the relationship between affective touch and pain perception, examining both direct and vicarious effects. Chronic migraine patients and healthy participants retained hedonic sensitivity to affective touch, indicating its strength and potential therapeutic role. Conversely, patients exhibited reduced empathy for others’ pain, possibly reflecting an avoidance response to external suffering. Overall, pain and affective touch appear as distinct and only weakly related phenomena. Study 3 (Chapter 4) conceptualised cutaneous allodynia as a dimensional construct operating on a continuum of pain perception and as a potential marker of the transition from latent to overt pain conditions. Psychometric and network analyses revealed that in chronic pain, the embodied system may shift from adaptive flexibility to rigid hypervigilance, increasing pain attention, allodynia-like responses, and emotional distress. Depressive affect emerged as a central node linking pain and emotion, supporting a dimensional model of sensitisation. Study 4 (Chapter 5) translated these findings into practice through the digital mindfulness intervention (BBMIND), which is addressed to individuals suffering from head pain, aiming to improve the management of chronic pain conditions. Despite common barriers to digital engagement, participants reported high usability and modest adherence to the program. The intervention enhanced some mindfulness skills and reduced headache frequency, supporting the feasibility of digital mindfulness as a complementary tool in the management of chronic pain. In conclusion, pain perception emerges as a dynamic, embodied process integrating physiological, emotional, and cognitive dimensions. Affective dysregulation and attentional bias (hypervigilance) appear central to sustaining chronic pain, whereas hedonic perception retains a protective function. Mindfulness-based regulation offers a pathway to restore balance and promote adaptive neuro-affective integration.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Behavioural and psychophysiological facets of pain perception in healthy and chronic pain populations
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Doctoral thesis
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