This research is situated within a global context marked by interconnected crises that challenge the capacity of contemporary democracies to guarantee inclusion, rights, and social cohesion. These dynamics reveal that democracy is not a permanently secured good but an intrinsically fragile process to be continually renewed and rethought (Habermas, 1996; Urbinati, 2011). While digital technologies have broadened participation and access to information, they have also amplified disinformation (European Commission, 2020) and polarization (Bail, 2021), emphasizing the urgency of an education that fosters critical, informed, and responsible citizenship. Citizenship education should therefore be conceived not as the mere transmission of knowledge, but as a formative process aimed at cultivating the capacity to question reality, deconstruct stereotypes, and act responsibly in the public sphere (Dewey, 1916; Nussbaum, 2010; Biesta, 2012). Today’s youth, immersed in contradictory communicative flows, experience both new possibilities for awareness and engagement and risks of isolation, vulnerability, and loss of meaning. The spread of social withdrawal and psychological distress among them exposes a deep crisis in the construction of social bonds and belonging. Re-centering citizenship education means reaffirming it as a fundamental right and as a practice of democratic coexistence (Arendt, 1958; Mortari, 2017). Citizenship emerges as a relational and dialogical experience, realized through participation, care, and shared responsibility across formal, non-formal, and informal contexts—school, family, associations, and digital environments—where individuals exercise agency (Milana & Tarozzi, 2013; Mayo, 2019). This study investigates whether and how pedagogical facilitation (Kennedy, 2004; Aldana et al., 2016) can support the development of critical thinking among young people and education professionals. The research is articulated in two interconnected parts. The first, theoretical and critical, examines the concepts of citizenship, competences, and critical thinking, highlighting tensions between education and democracy, the performative drift of competence discourse within neoliberal frameworks, and critical thinking as an ethical–political practice of freedom and emancipation. The second part presents field research conducted within the B-YOUth Forum, an interdisciplinary and intergenerational laboratory at the University of Milano-Bicocca. Adopting an Action Research approach (McNiff, 2012), it values dialogic validity, reflective transparency (through diaries, critical incidents, and autoethnography), and multimodal languages (narrative and visual). Within the B-YOUth Forum, practices of deliberation, negotiation, and activism have shown that young people learn citizenship through democracy itself, developing forms of agency which—through the lens of the Capability Approach—expand their real opportunities to be and to act. The pedagogical facilitator emerges as a democratic mediator: rather than providing predefined coordinates, she creates conditions for speech, acknowledges silenced voices, and inhabits the “beautiful risk” of education (Biesta, 2015), fostering care, trust, and shared responsibility. The findings document a shift from consultation to agency, the intertwining of well-being and relational justice, and the recognition of lived knowledge as a shared political resource. This research contributes (a) politically and pedagogically, by framing citizenship as a daily practice of plural coexistence through research with young people, and (b) methodologically, by proposing a participatory approach as both knowledge-producing and transformative. In conclusion, to educate and to facilitate means cultivating democratic “habits of mind” (Dewey, 1916; Baldacci, 2019), enabling the emergence of new political subjectivities within shared public spaces.
La presente ricerca si colloca in un contesto globale segnato da crisi interconnesse che mettono in discussione la capacità delle democrazie contemporanee di garantire inclusione, diritti e coesione sociale. Queste dinamiche mostrano come la democrazia non sia un bene acquisito una volta per tutte, ma un processo intrinsecamente fragile, da rinnovare e ripensare costantemente (Habermas, 1996; Urbinati, 2011). Le tecnologie digitali, pur ampliando la partecipazione e l’accesso all’informazione, hanno al contempo favorito la disinformazione (Commissione Europea, 2020) e la polarizzazione (Bail, 2021), evidenziando l’urgenza di un’educazione capace di promuovere una cittadinanza critica, consapevole e responsabile. L’educazione alla cittadinanza deve dunque essere intesa come processo formativo orientato a sviluppare la capacità di interrogare la realtà, decostruire stereotipi e agire responsabilmente nello spazio pubblico (Dewey, 1916; Nussbaum, 2010; Biesta, 2012). Rimettere al centro l’educazione alla cittadinanza significa riaffermarla come diritto fondamentale e come pratica di convivenza democratica (Arendt, 1958; Biesta, 2011, Mortari, 2017). La cittadinanza si configura come esperienza relazionale e dialogica, che si realizza attraverso pratiche di partecipazione, cura e responsabilità condivisa nei contesti formali, non formali e informali (scuola, famiglia, associazioni, ambienti digitali) in cui le persone esercitano la propria agency (Milana & Tarozzi, 2013; Mayo, 2019). Da tali premesse nasce la domanda di ricerca che guida questo studio: se e in che modo la facilitazione pedagogica (Kennedy, 2004; Aldana et al., 2016) possa contribuire allo sviluppo del pensiero critico tra giovani e professionisti dell’educazione. La ricerca si articola in due parti interconnesse. La prima, teorica e critica, approfondisce i costrutti di cittadinanza, competenze e pensiero critico, mettendo in luce le tensioni tra educazione e democrazia, la deriva performativa del discorso sulle competenze nel quadro neoliberale e il pensiero critico, nelle sue diverse declinazioni, come pratica etico-politica di libertà ed emancipazione. La seconda parte presenta la ricerca sul campo condotta all’interno del B-YOUth Forum, laboratorio interdisciplinare e intergenerazionale dell’Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca. Dal punto di vista metodologico, lo studio adotta un approccio di Action Research (McNiff, 2012), fondato su cicli di azione e riflessione, valorizzando la validità dialogica, la trasparenza riflessiva (attraverso diari riflessivi, incidenti critici e componenti autoetnografiche) e la pluralità dei linguaggi (narrativi e visuali). Nel laboratorio B-YOUth Forum, le pratiche educative hanno mostrato che i giovani apprendono la cittadinanza attraverso e nella democrazia stessa, generando forme di agency che – nella prospettiva del Capability Approach – ampliano le loro reali opportunità di essere e di agire. La figura del facilitatore pedagogico emerge come mediatore democratico: crea condizioni di parola, riconosce le voci silenziate e abita il “bel rischio” dell’educazione (Biesta, 2015), promuovendo cura, fiducia e responsabilità condivisa. I risultati documentano il passaggio dalla consultazione all’azione, l’intreccio tra benessere e giustizia relazionale e il riconoscimento dei saperi vissuti come risorsa politica comune. La ricerca contribuisce su due piani: (a) politico-pedagogico, presentando la cittadinanza come pratica quotidiana di convivenza plurale attraverso la ricerca con i giovani; e (b) metodologico, proponendo tale approccio come dispositivo al tempo stesso conoscitivo e trasformativo. In conclusione, educare e facilitare significa coltivare abitudini democratiche della mente – per riprendere l’espressione di Dewey (1916; Baldacci, 2019) – che rendono possibile l’emergere di nuove soggettività politiche nello spazio pubblico condiviso.
Ratotti, M (2026). Educare al pensiero critico: pratiche e linguaggi per una cittadinanza democratica. Esperienze di ricerca con i giovani.. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
Educare al pensiero critico: pratiche e linguaggi per una cittadinanza democratica. Esperienze di ricerca con i giovani.
RATOTTI, MARIA
2026
Abstract
This research is situated within a global context marked by interconnected crises that challenge the capacity of contemporary democracies to guarantee inclusion, rights, and social cohesion. These dynamics reveal that democracy is not a permanently secured good but an intrinsically fragile process to be continually renewed and rethought (Habermas, 1996; Urbinati, 2011). While digital technologies have broadened participation and access to information, they have also amplified disinformation (European Commission, 2020) and polarization (Bail, 2021), emphasizing the urgency of an education that fosters critical, informed, and responsible citizenship. Citizenship education should therefore be conceived not as the mere transmission of knowledge, but as a formative process aimed at cultivating the capacity to question reality, deconstruct stereotypes, and act responsibly in the public sphere (Dewey, 1916; Nussbaum, 2010; Biesta, 2012). Today’s youth, immersed in contradictory communicative flows, experience both new possibilities for awareness and engagement and risks of isolation, vulnerability, and loss of meaning. The spread of social withdrawal and psychological distress among them exposes a deep crisis in the construction of social bonds and belonging. Re-centering citizenship education means reaffirming it as a fundamental right and as a practice of democratic coexistence (Arendt, 1958; Mortari, 2017). Citizenship emerges as a relational and dialogical experience, realized through participation, care, and shared responsibility across formal, non-formal, and informal contexts—school, family, associations, and digital environments—where individuals exercise agency (Milana & Tarozzi, 2013; Mayo, 2019). This study investigates whether and how pedagogical facilitation (Kennedy, 2004; Aldana et al., 2016) can support the development of critical thinking among young people and education professionals. The research is articulated in two interconnected parts. The first, theoretical and critical, examines the concepts of citizenship, competences, and critical thinking, highlighting tensions between education and democracy, the performative drift of competence discourse within neoliberal frameworks, and critical thinking as an ethical–political practice of freedom and emancipation. The second part presents field research conducted within the B-YOUth Forum, an interdisciplinary and intergenerational laboratory at the University of Milano-Bicocca. Adopting an Action Research approach (McNiff, 2012), it values dialogic validity, reflective transparency (through diaries, critical incidents, and autoethnography), and multimodal languages (narrative and visual). Within the B-YOUth Forum, practices of deliberation, negotiation, and activism have shown that young people learn citizenship through democracy itself, developing forms of agency which—through the lens of the Capability Approach—expand their real opportunities to be and to act. The pedagogical facilitator emerges as a democratic mediator: rather than providing predefined coordinates, she creates conditions for speech, acknowledges silenced voices, and inhabits the “beautiful risk” of education (Biesta, 2015), fostering care, trust, and shared responsibility. The findings document a shift from consultation to agency, the intertwining of well-being and relational justice, and the recognition of lived knowledge as a shared political resource. This research contributes (a) politically and pedagogically, by framing citizenship as a daily practice of plural coexistence through research with young people, and (b) methodologically, by proposing a participatory approach as both knowledge-producing and transformative. In conclusion, to educate and to facilitate means cultivating democratic “habits of mind” (Dewey, 1916; Baldacci, 2019), enabling the emergence of new political subjectivities within shared public spaces.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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phd_unimib_792530.pdf
embargo fino al 10/03/2029
Descrizione: Educare al pensiero critico: pratiche e linguaggi per una cittadinanza democratica. Esperienze di ricerca con i giovani.
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Doctoral thesis
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