Multi-Level Governance and Industrial Engagement in Renewable Energy Communities. Pre-Regulatory Study from Lombardy

This study investigates the early-stage development of renewable energy communities in Italy, focusing on how small and medium-sized industries in the Lombardy region perceived and responded to communication efforts before the full implementation of new regulatory frameworks and economic incentives. The research is based on data collected through a targeted survey conducted among industrial firms. The analysis explores the roles played by national and regional institutions, as well as local public authorities such as municipalities, in shaping awareness and interest in renewable energy participation. A non-parametric statistical test was used to assess the influence of different governance levels on industrial engagement. Results indicate that local public authorities exert a significantly stronger influence on industrial perceptions and willingness to engage in renewable energy communities than higher-level institutions. This suggests that trust-based, locally driven communication strategies are more effective than top-down approaches. The findings highlight the need for coordinated, place-based governance strategies that reinforce the role of local actors in energy transition initiatives. Municipalities and similar authorities may serve as crucial intermediaries, translating national strategies into meaningful local action. By capturing perceptions before regulatory incentives were introduced, this study offers a unique and unbiased perspective on how industries naturally relate to different governance actors. It contributes to the broader understanding of how communication and trust shape participation in sustainable energy systems.